Impact of Systemic Diseases on Olfactory Function in COVID-19 Infected Patients

Awwad, Ayat A; Elhay, Osama MM Abd; Rabie, Moustafa M; Awad, Eman Abu-Elnasr; Kotb, Fatma M; Maghraby, Hend M; Eldamarawy, Rmadan H; Dawood, Yahia MA; Balat, Mostafa IEI; Hasan, Ahmed IM; Elsheshiny, Ahmed Hassan; Sayed, Said SMM El; Fouda, Albayoumi AB; Alkot, Ahmad MF

doi:10.2147/ijgm.s355974

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Taste and smell disturbances are commonly described as COVID-19 post-acute sequelae (63) even in population under 21 years old, and these can last for 2 years after acute infection (64). In adults, this has been associated with chronic systemic conditions (65)(66)(67), and correlated with particular acute COVID-19 symptoms (68). Nevertheless, the precise etiopathogenesis of this disorder is still elusive (69, 70).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity

et al. 2023

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PurposeTo describe SARS-CoV-2 infection outcome in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) and to compare their specific acute and long-term immune responses with a sex-, age-, and severity-matched healthy population (HC).MethodsUnvaccinated IEI patients up to 22 years old infected with SARS-CoV-2 were recruited along with a cohort of HC. SARS-CoV-2 serology and ELISpot were performed in the acute phase of infection (up to 6 weeks) and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months.ResultsTwenty-five IEI patients (median age 14.3 years, min.-max. range 4.5-22.8; 15/25 males; syndromic combined immunodeficiencies: 48.0%, antibody deficiencies: 16.0%) and 17 HC (median age 15.3 years, min.-max. range 5.4-20.0; 6/17 males, 35.3%) were included. Pneumonia occurred in 4/25 IEI patients. In the acute phase SARS-CoV-2 specific immunoglobulins were positive in all HC but in only half of IEI in whom it could be measured (n=17/25): IgG+ 58.8% (10/17) (p=0.009); IgM+ 41.2% (7/17)(p<0.001); IgA+ 52.9% (9/17)(p=0.003). Quantitative response (index) was also lower compared with HC: IgG IEI (3.1 ± 4.4) vs. HC (3.5 ± 1.5)(p=0.06); IgM IEI (1.9 ± 2.4) vs. HC (3.9 ± 2.4)(p=0.007); IgA IEI (3.3 ± 4.7) vs. HC (4.6 ± 2.5)(p=0.04). ELISpots positivity was qualitatively lower in IEI vs. HC (S-ELISpot IEI: 3/11, 27.3% vs. HC: 10/11, 90.9%; p=0.008; N-ELISpot IEI: 3/9, 33.3% vs. HC: 11/11, 100%; p=0.002) and also quantitatively lower (S-ELISpot IEI: mean index 3.2 ± 5.0 vs. HC 21.2 ± 17.0; p=0.001; N-ELISpot IEI: mean index 9.3 ± 16.6 vs. HC: 39.1 ± 23.7; p=0.004). As for long term response, SARS-CoV-2-IgM+ at 6 months was qualitatively lower in IEI(3/8, 37.5% vs. 9/10 HC: 90.0%; p=0.043), and quantitatively lower in all serologies IgG, M, and A (IEI n=9, 1.1 ± 0.9 vs. HC n=10, 2.1 ± 0.9, p=0.03; IEI n=9, 1.3 ± 1.5 vs. HC n=10, 2.9 ± 2.8, p=0.02; and IEI n=9, 0.6 ± 0.5 vs. HC n=10, 1.7 ± 0.8, p=0.002 –respectively) but there were no differences at remaining time points.ConclusionsOur IEI pediatric cohort had a higher COVID-19 pneumonia rate than the general age-range population, with lower humoral and cellular responses in the acute phase (even lower compared to the reported IEI serological response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination), and weaker humoral responses at 6 months after infection compared with HC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity

et al. 2023

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“…UGT2A1 and UGT2A2 are part of a family of enzymes that partake in the elimination of odorant particles and may play a role in the physiology of infected cells. Risk factors for OD include current smoking [50], history of allergy [50], female sex [51][52][53][54], younger age group [54,55], Caucasian [39,54], and presence of chronic cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and diabetes [55].…”

Section: Susceptibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Nasal Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelia and Its Clinical Impact

Chee

Chern

Loh

et al. 2023

Curr Allergy Asthma Rep

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Purpose of Review While the predominant cause for morbidity and mortality with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is the lower respiratory tract manifestations of the disease, the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the sinonasal tract have also come to the forefront especially with the increased recognition of olfactory symptom. This review presents a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms of action of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, sinonasal pathophysiology of COVID-19, and the correlation with the clinical and epidemiological impact on olfactory dysfunction. Recent Findings ACE2 and TMPRSS2 receptors are key players in the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2. They are present within both the nasal respiratory as well as olfactory epithelia. There are however differences in susceptibility between different groups of individuals, as well as between the different SARS-CoV-2 variants. Summary The sinonasal cavity is an important route for SARS-CoV-2 infection. While the mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelia is similar, there exist small but significant differences in the susceptibility of these epithelia and consequently clinical manifestations of the disease. Understanding the differences and nuances in sinonasal pathophysiology in COVID-19 would allow the clinician to predict and counsel patients suffering from COVID-19. Future research into molecular pathways and cytokine responses at different stages of infection and different variants of SARS-CoV-2 would evaluate the individual clinical phenotype, prognosis, and possibly response to vaccines and therapeutics.

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“…A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that the presence of anosmia was associated with lower rates of mortality and admission to the ICU in patients. The presence of other symptoms, such as headache, was associated with lower mortality in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection [5][6][7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Outcome of 42 thousands cases of SARS-CoV-2 in a municipality: Role of symptoms in outcome.

Lima,

Oliveira,

Souto

et al. 2023

Braz. J. Implantol. Health Sci.

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INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a major public health problem worldwide with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Elderly patients or patients with comorbidities are more likely to develop more severe conditions and consequently have a high rate of hospital lethality. The presence of some symptoms in SARS-CoV-2 infection can be associated with lower rates of mortality and admission to the ICU in patients. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with COVID-19 in 2020–2021 in a municipality in the Midwest region of Brazil. The variables analyzed were age, sex, clinical characteristics, clinical results and presence of comorbidities in patients. Associations between the clinical or epidemiological characteristics were analyzed using appropriate tests for categorical variables and continuous normal or parametric distributions. An alpha value of 5% was used as the maximum error limit allowed to reject the null hypothesis in all analysis. RESULTS: In total, 42,469 patients were analyzed, with lethality rates of 4.4% and 2.9% in 2020 and 2021, respectively. There was a higher prevalence among women (53.8%) and a higher mortality in men (p = 0.000), the elderly (p = 0.000), patients with dyspnea (p = 0.000), and patients with comorbidities (p = 0.000). The presence of headache, sore throat, anosmia, dysgeusia or diarrhea were related with a lower mortality (p = 0.000). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated higher lethality, revealing a higher mortality rate in patients who were male, aged over 65 years, with dyspnea, and with comorbidities. However, headache, sore throat, anosmia, dysgeusia, and diarrhea were associated with an improved prognosis. Further studies to elucidate these findings are warranted.

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Impact of Systemic Diseases on Olfactory Function in COVID-19 Infected Patients

Cited by 5 publications

References 53 publications

Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity

Acute and long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults with inborn errors of immunity

Pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Nasal Respiratory and Olfactory Epithelia and Its Clinical Impact

Outcome of 42 thousands cases of SARS-CoV-2 in a municipality: Role of symptoms in outcome.

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