Impact of source-separation of urine on effluent quality, energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of a decentralized wastewater treatment plant

Progress toward a better understanding of the urea oxidation by electromediation of Ni(III)/Ni(II) system in alkaline media

“…Among these wastes, wastewater is today recognized as a vast field of possible revalorization. Nearly 75% of the nitrogen present in wastewater come from human urine, resulting from the filtration of blood at the kidneys [2]. This fluid is characterized by a complex composition, where more than 70 molecules have been identified such as organic compounds (urea 36.2 wt%, creatinine 4.1 wt%, creatine 1.0 wt%), inorganic salts (NaCl 21.5 wt%, K2SO4 7.1 wt%, KCl 4.4 wt%), and organic ammonium salts (ammonium hippurate 3.3 wt%, ammonium citrate 2.0 wt%, ammonium glucuronate 1.7 wt%) [3], and presents a great variability for the same individual (diet, time of collection, etc.)…”

Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis

“…Some commentators suggested that double-pit latrines, the dominant type of NSSS promoted in India, may be the least environmentally friendly in terms of GHG emissions because of its limited and unclear modeling ( Kulak et al, 2017 , National Statistical Office (NSO), 2018 ). The use of source-separated blackwater is also suggested, that is, feces and urine are collected separately at the frontend of NSSS, this approach could alleviate at least 60% of N 2 O emission and 20% of CO 2 emission compared with the mixed treatment ( Badeti et al, 2021 ). Gao et al (2019) tested the biochemical methane potential of blackwater from different toilet technologies, showing that the methane production from vacuum toilets was lower than the flushing toilets.…”

Biological Nitrogen Removal by A Membrane-Aerated Biofilm Reactor: An Attempt to Treat Urine Wastewater with High Sustainability

“…From the energy perspective, nutrient removal by 90% of urine diversion could directly save 33% of aeration energy from wastewater treatment plant, according to a recent study. [7] On the other hand, nutrient removal could save the energy consumption by reducing the production of fertilizer, and the quantitative modeling would be more complicated, since more factors would be involved, including the nutrient recovery technology applied, the form of fertilizer recovered, and how this fertilizer is produced in industry. In practice, appropriate technologies should be employed to treat urine wastewater after consideration in economic cost and environmental impact.…”