Impact of simulated lung fluid components on the solubility of inhaled drugs and predicted in vivo performance

Fluid Films as Models for Understanding the Impact of Inhaled Particles in Lung Surfactant Layers

“…Therefore, any dysfunction on the LS mechanical properties or modification of its composition may be harmful for health [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. However, to date there is an important lack of knowledge about the true impact of inhaled particles in the respiratory cycle, even though it is clear that the deposition of particles on LS alters the breathing mechanics, the use of particles, even inhaled ones, in therapy and diagnosis is undergoing continuous growth [39][40][41][42][43]. Therefore, it is necessary to deepen the current understanding of the interactions of different types of particulate pollutants with LS for predicting their potential toxicity [44][45][46].…”

Evaluating the Impact of Hydrophobic Silicon Dioxide in the Interfacial Properties of Lung Surfactant Films

“…On one hand, the interaction of particles with LS alters their surface tension, phase behavior, and interfacial structure, 13 , 14 whereas on the other hand particles are widespread in therapy and diagnostic. 15 , 16 …”

“…On one hand, the interaction of particles with LS alters their surface tension, phase behavior, and interfacial structure, 13,14 whereas on the other hand particles are widespread in therapy and diagnostic. 15,16 According to the above discussion, it is clear that LS emerges as one of the first biological barrier against inhaled pollutants and respiratory pathogens (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). 14,17−20 LS is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins (mass ratio 9:1), which is placed as a thin liquid film overlying the inner alveolar walls, i.e., in the alveolar lining, 21−23 and has as main functions the regulation of the surface tension of the alveoli, increase of lung compliance, and stabilization of the alveolar volume.…”

“…Furthermore, the interaction of LS and particles can favor the translocation of the latter toward other tissues and organs, including the bloodstream and the brain, , which can induce an important series of adverse health effects. , However, the current understanding of the potential biophysical changes associated with particle inhalation is far from clear. On one hand, the interaction of particles with LS alters their surface tension, phase behavior, and interfacial structure, , whereas on the other hand particles are widespread in therapy and diagnostic. , …”

Development of Levodopa-loaded inhalable dry powders for treatment of Parkinson's disease via the pulmonary system

“…These provide in-vitro opportunities to for better understanding of the mechanisms of drug release and its possible in vivo behaviour in various interstitial pulmonary environments, thereby enhancing the predictive capability of the drug degradation testing. The undissolved drug particles are usually eliminated from the lungs via two mechanismseither by mucociliary clearance in the conducting airways which includes of the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, bronchi and bronchioles or by the phagocytotic activity by alveolar macrophages in the respiratory part of the lungs consisting of the respiratory bronchioles and the alveoli(Radivojev et al 2021). So, it is important to determine the release profiles of Levodopa in such respiratory environments, whereby the interstitial deep fluid is represented by Gamble's solution for deeper lung regions ALF is representative of the fluid that is encountered by the inhaled particles upon phagocytosis by interstitial and alveolar macrophages of the lung(Marques, Technol, and 2011).…”