“…Ability of seniors to chew hard foods such as meat or raw vegetable is moreover impaired with periodontal disease (Okada et al, 2014) and low number of teeth and occluding posterior paired teeth (Lamy, Mojon, Kalykakis, Legrand, & Butz-Jorgensen, 1999;Nguyen, Witter, Bronkhorst, Gerritsen, & Creugers, 2011;Sheiham, Steele, Marcenes, Finch, & Walls, 1999). Food taste perception of elders may also be impaired by reduced salivary flow rate (Lugaz, Pillias, Boireau-Ducept, & Faurion, 2005;Vandenberghe-Descamps et al, 2016), poor oral hygiene (Madiloggovit, Chotechuang, & Trachootham, 2016), dental decay (Wrobel, Catalanotto, & Walter, 1978), oral pain (Braud, Descroix, Ungeheuer, Rougeot, & Boucher, 2017;Eliav et al, 2007), tooth loss (Boucher et al, 2006), and denture covering the palate (Yoshinaka, Yoshinaka, Ikebe, Shimanuki, & Nokubi, 2007). These chemosensory impairments are frequently associated with reduced pleasure from eating (Arganini & Sinesio, 2015;Merkonidis et al, 2015).…”