Impact of Prosthetic Material and Restoration Type on Peri-Implant Bone Resorption: A Retrospective Analysis in a Romanian Sample

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This research investigates the nuanced factors influencing peri-implant bone resorption in implant-supported fixed prostheses, with a focus on age, gender, implant location, time since prosthetic loading, and material characteristics. Methods: Records from a dental clinic in Oradea, Romania, between 1 January 2017 and 1 January 2023, were scrutinized and were selected by means of purposive sampling. All records were analyzed between 1 May 2023 and 15 June 2023. A total of 160 implants were included, and the prosthetic restorations were either metal-ceramic or zirconia. Implants from a single manufacturer were used, and a standardized loading protocol was followed. The study examined variables such as age, gender, implant location, prosthetic material, and time since prosthetic loading. Results: A total of 160 implants were included, with 78 applied to female patients (48.8%) and 82 to male patients (51.2%). The age range of the patients undergoing dental implant procedures was 30 to 79 years. Implants were distributed between the mandible (51.2%) and maxilla (48.8%), with 49.4% placed in the posterior dental arches and 50.6% in the anterior dental arches. The majority of patients received metal-ceramic prosthetic reconstructions (76.9%). Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in resorption patterns between zirconia and metal-ceramic restorations (p < 0.001), with zirconia restorations exhibiting higher resorption in the mesial-vertical and distal-vertical planes compared to metal-ceramic restorations. Age-related factors showed a significant association with distal-vertical resorption (p = 0.017), with patients aged 60–69 years exhibiting higher resorption values compared to those aged 40–49 years. Gender differences were observed in mesial-horizontal resorption (p = 0.036), with male patients displaying higher resorption values compared to female patients. Implant location and time elapsed since implant loading did not show significant associations with resorption patterns. Conclusions: The study provides insights into the multifactorial nature of peri-implant resorption. Age, gender, and material characteristics contribute to variations, informing personalized treatment approaches. The findings facilitate a comprehensive understanding for clinicians, enhancing treatment planning and post-operative care.