Impact of population density on the Covid-19 infected and mortality rates in India

Bhadra, Arunava; Mukherjee, Arindam; Sarkar, Kabita

doi:10.1101/2020.08.21.20179416

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In a study performed by Kadi and Khelfaoui in Algeria, the authors found that population density indeed played a role in the transmission of the virus [ 51 ]. This is also supported by a study done by Bhadra et al in different districts of India [ 26 ]. However, it cannot be a strong explanatory factor as to why the number of cases are as known [ 52 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework

Ling

Suhud

Leng

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Little attention has been paid to the impacts of institutional–human–environment dimensions on the outcome of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) abatement. Through the diagnostic social–ecological system (SES) framework, this review paper aimed to investigate what and how the multifaceted social, physical, and governance factors affected the success level of seven selected Asia-Pacific countries (namely, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam, Indonesia, and New Zealand) in combatting COVID-19. Drawing on statistical data from the Our World In Data website, we measured the COVID-19 severity or abatement success level of the countries on the basis of cumulative positive cases, average daily cases, and mortality rates for the period of 1 February 2020 to 30 June 2020. A qualitative content analysis using three codes, i.e., present (P), partially present (PP), and absent (A) for each SES attribute, as well as score calculation and rank ordering for government response effectiveness and the abatement success level across the countries, was undertaken. Not only did the standard coding process ensure data comparability but the data were deemed substantially reliable with Cohen’s kappa of 0.76. Among 13 attributes of the SES factors, high facility adequacy, comprehensive COVID-19 testing policies, strict lockdown measures, imposition of penalty, and the high trust level towards the government seemed to be significant in determining the COVID-19 severity in a country. The results show that Vietnam (ranked first) and New Zealand (ranked second), with a high presence of attributes/design principles contributing to high-level government stringency and health and containment indices, successfully controlled the virus, while Indonesia (ranked seventh) and Japan (ranked sixth), associated with the low presence of design principles, were deemed least successful. Two lessons can be drawn: (i) having high number of P for SES attributes does not always mean a panacea for the pandemic; however, it would be detrimental to a country if it lacked them severely, and (ii) some attributes (mostly from the governance factor) may carry higher weightage towards explaining the success level. This comparative study providing an overview of critical SES attributes in relation to COVID-19 offers novel policy insights, thus helping policymakers devise more strategic, coordinated measures, particularly for effective country preparedness and response in addressing the current and the future health crisis.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework

Ling

Suhud

Leng

et al. 2021

IJERPH

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…demanding parameters such as human mobility and hygiene need to be taken into consideration for COVID-19 spread. The possible connection between population density and COVID-19 spread are demonstrated in the previous studies, which reported a possible linkage between higher population density and surge in COVID-19 cases (Bhadra et al, 2020;Coskun et al, 2021). Interestingly, in India the COVID-19 epicenters coincide with the emission hotspots and regions with higher population densities i.e.…”

Section: Co2 Emission Global Warming and Climate Changementioning

confidence: 75%

Impact of Extreme Hot Climate on COVID‐19 Outbreak in India

Sasikumar

Nath

et al. 2020

GeoHealth

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic poses extreme threat to public health and economy, particularly to the nations with higher population density. The disease first reported in Wuhan, China; later, it spreads elsewhere, and currently, India emerged as COVID‐19 hotspot. In India, we selected 20 densely populated cities having infection counts higher than 500 (by 15 May) as COVID‐19 epicenters. Daily COVID‐19 count has strong covariability with local temperature, which accounts approximately 65–85% of the explained variance; i.e., its spread depends strongly on local temperature rise prior to community transmission phase. The COVID‐19 cases are clustered at temperature and humidity ranging within 27–32°C and 25–45%, respectively. We introduce a combined temperature and humidity profile, which favors rapid COVID‐19 growth at the initial phase. The results are highly significant for predicting future COVID‐19 outbreaks and modeling cities based on environmental conditions. On the other hand, CO2 emission is alarmingly high in South Asia (India) and entails high risk of climate change and extreme hot summer. Zoonotic viruses are sensitive to warming induced climate change; COVID‐19 epicenters are collocated on CO2 emission hotspots. The COVID‐19 count distribution peaks at 31.0°C, which is 1.0°C higher than current (2020) and historical (1961–1990) mean, value. Approximately, 72% of the COVID‐19 cases are clustered at severe to record‐breaking hot extremes of historical temperature distribution spectrum. Therefore, extreme climate change has important role in the spread of COVID‐19 pandemic. Hence, a strenuous mitigation measure to abate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is essential to avoid such pandemics in future.

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“…D_PERM was also analyzed as this might indicate that as many people die from the virus, the possibility of being infected of the other people is increased. PD , AGE and GDP_PERC were also included since it was found that these variables significantly affects the transmission of the virus as far as the social distancing and level of activity of people and their age is a concern [ 41 , 42 ]. RUPOP was computed as 1 minus the percentage of the urban population of the country.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Affecting the Cases and Deaths of COVID-19 Victims

Velasco

Tseng

Chang

2021

IJERPH

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This paper attempts to find the factors that affect the number of cases and deaths of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients a year after the first outbreak in Wuhan, China. There were 141 countries affected with COVID-19 involved in the study. Countries were grouped based on population. Using ordinary least squares regression, it was found that the total number of cases and deaths were significantly related with the levels of population of the different countries. On the overall, median age of the country, and average temperature are positively related with the number of deaths from the virus. On the other hand, population density is positively related with the deaths due to COVID for low populated countries. The result of this preliminary study can be used as a benchmark for authorities in the formulation of policies with regards to treating COVID-19 related issues.

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Impact of population density on the Covid-19 infected and mortality rates in India

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework

Factors Influencing Asia-Pacific Countries’ Success Level in Curbing COVID-19: A Review Using a Social–Ecological System (SES) Framework

Impact of Extreme Hot Climate on COVID‐19 Outbreak in India

Factors Affecting the Cases and Deaths of COVID-19 Victims

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