Impact of physical and chemical parameters on square wave anodic stripping voltammetry for trace Pb²⁺ detection in water

Abstract

Exposure to lead, a toxic heavy metal, in drinking water is a worldwide problem. Lead leaching from lead service lines, the main contamination source, and other plumbing materials is controlled...

High‐Content Hydroxyapatite Carbon Composites for the Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metal Cations in Water

“…While the sensibility is sufficient for identify copper contamination (20.5 μM, by United States Environmental Protection Agency), it is not satisfying for lead (48 nM). [37,38] The sensibility of the here reported Hap/C composite electrodes towards trace metal elements is lower with respect to the state-of-the-art metal electrodes (like Hg and Bi) and to the performance reported by other Authors for Hap-doped carbon paste electrodes. [22,23] Nonetheless, the partial loss in terms of quantification limits can be partially counterbalanced by the almost unique ability to sequester the metal ions to be quantified thanks to the very high hydroxyapatite content.…”

“…With compEL_CMC(8 %), SW‐ASV peaks suitable for analytical purposes have been detected for Cu 2+ and Pb 2+ ions in a concentration range from 5 to 100 μM. While the sensibility is sufficient for identify copper contamination (20.5 μM, by United States Environmental Protection Agency), it is not satisfying for lead (48 nM) [37,38] …”

Nucleation and Growth of Thallium on Thin Film Mercury Electrode: Voltammetric, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Chronoamperometric and Electrochemical Impedance Studies

“…Mercury drop electrodes were the first applications in this field. These involve application to a mercury drop electrode of a potential that increases linearly with time, relative to a reference electrode [11]. However, the application of the mercury drop poses a problem for the environment due to its high and serious toxicity.…”

Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Scale Particulates in Drinking Water

“…Lead in drinking water has been linked to a higher incidence of miscarriages and fetal deaths in pregnant women . In children, irreversible brain damage leading to permanent cognitive issues has been observed. ,, Due to the health issues associated with lead poisoning, the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) was created in 1991, which limits the lead concentration in drinking water to 15 μg/L or 72.4 nM, and the World Health Organization (WHO) set a limit of 10 μg/L or 48.3 nM. ,,,, In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has created several guidelines and recommendations for public water systems and residents about practices to prevent lead intoxication from drinking water. − …”

“…Owing to the sample preparation techniques associated with these methods, both ionized and particulate lead can be detected. However, AAS and ICP-MS are expensive, require trained personnel, and use nonportable instrumentation . The lead concentration in drinking water is known to vary throughout the day, but traditional detection methods are not suitable for continuous on-site analysis. , Some at-home lead testing kits use visual cues to indicate the presence of lead.…”