Impact of pH on growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

Iyer, Vidula; Raut, Janhavi S.; Dasgupta, Anindya

doi:10.1099/jmm.0.001421

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…This is not surprising, given the commensal nature of the 19N strain, and is in accordance with previous data, wherein S. epidermidis strains from B clonal lineage were shown to have higher growth rates when exposed to acidic pH ( Espadinha et al, 2019 ). However, our results contrast with those obtained by Iyer et al who observed that another S. epidermidis strain belonging to the A/C cluster ( S. epidermidis ATCC12228) was insensitive to increasing pH values (pH 5–7) ( Iyer et al, 2021 ). This discrepancy may be explained by the fact that the assays were performed with an A/C cluster strain, with distinct growth conditions: in that case the growth was performed in a microtiter plate.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Skin-to-blood pH shift triggers metabolome and proteome global remodelling in Staphylococcus epidermidis

et al. 2022

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Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the most common bacteria of the human skin microbiota. Despite its role as a commensal, S. epidermidis has emerged as an opportunistic pathogen, associated with 80% of medical devices related infections. Moreover, these bacteria are extremely difficult to treat due to their ability to form biofilms and accumulate resistance to almost all classes of antimicrobials. Thus new preventive and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with S. epidermidis colonisation and disease are still poorly understood. A deeper understanding of the metabolic and cellular processes associated with response to environmental factors characteristic of SE ecological niches in health and disease might provide new clues on colonisation and disease processes. Here we studied the impact of pH conditions, mimicking the skin pH (5.5) and blood pH (7.4), in a S. epidermidis commensal strain by means of next-generation proteomics and 1H NMR-based metabolomics. Moreover, we evaluated the metabolic changes occurring during a sudden pH change, simulating the skin barrier break produced by a catheter. We found that exposure of S. epidermidis to skin pH induced oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthesis of peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acids and betaine. In contrast, at blood pH, the bacterial assimilation of monosaccharides and its oxidation by glycolysis and fermentation was promoted. Additionally, several proteins related to virulence and immune evasion, namely extracellular proteases and membrane iron transporters were more abundant at blood pH. In the situation of an abrupt skin-to-blood pH shift we observed the decrease in the osmolyte betaine and changes in the levels of several metabolites and proteins involved in cellular redoxl homeostasis. Our results suggest that at the skin pH S. epidermidis cells are metabolically more active and adhesion is promoted, while at blood pH, metabolism is tuned down and cells have a more virulent profile. pH increase during commensal-to-pathogen conversion appears to be a critical environmental signal to the remodelling of the S. epidermidis metabolism toward a more pathogenic state. Targeting S. epidermidis proteins induced by pH 7.4 and promoting the acidification of the medical device surface or surrounding environment might be new strategies to treat and prevent S. epidermidis infections.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Skin-to-blood pH shift triggers metabolome and proteome global remodelling in Staphylococcus epidermidis

et al. 2022

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“…Staphylococcus is the second most predominant genus in the sebaceous skin microbiome. Staphyloccocci, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermis , are tolerant of the acidic pH found in oily skin and produce lipases to utilise the lipid-rich substrate of these sites [ 32 , 87 , 88 ]. Interestingly, the retroauricular crease is a sebaceous site with low phylotype richness that tends to remain temporally stable due to the prevalence of Cutibacterium [ 78 , 89 ].…”

Section: Skin Topography and The Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

The Skin Microbiome: Current Landscape and Future Opportunities

Smythe

Wilkinson

2023

IJMS

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Our skin is the largest organ of the body, serving as an important barrier against the harsh extrinsic environment. Alongside preventing desiccation, chemical damage and hypothermia, this barrier protects the body from invading pathogens through a sophisticated innate immune response and co-adapted consortium of commensal microorganisms, collectively termed the microbiota. These microorganisms inhabit distinct biogeographical regions dictated by skin physiology. Thus, it follows that perturbations to normal skin homeostasis, as occurs with ageing, diabetes and skin disease, can cause microbial dysbiosis and increase infection risk. In this review, we discuss emerging concepts in skin microbiome research, highlighting pertinent links between skin ageing, the microbiome and cutaneous repair. Moreover, we address gaps in current knowledge and highlight key areas requiring further exploration. Future advances in this field could revolutionise the way we treat microbial dysbiosis associated with skin ageing and other pathologies.

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“…The absence of coliform bacteria and fecal coliforms indicates the good quality of the investigated water, whereas determining the presence of Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) is not directed. A dependence of bacterial growth on pH value present in different matrices was shown in recent studies, with S. aureus having a more sensitive parameter to pH value than Staphylococcus epidermidis [ 3 ]. In 2005, a study described a dependency on the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration with the growth rate of S. aureus at an incubation temperature of 37 °C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolved Carbon Dioxide: The Lifespan of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in Bottled Carbonated Mineral Water

Schalli

Platzer

Schmutz

et al. 2023

Biology

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During the process of mineral water production, many possible contamination settings can influence the quality of bottled water. Microbial contamination can originate from different sources, for example, the ambient air, the bottles, the caps, and from the bottling machine itself. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of three different carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations (3.0 g/L, 5.5 g/L, and 7.0 g/L; 20 bottles each) in bottled mineral water on the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Enterococcus faecalis (Ent. faecalis). The examined mineral water was artificially contaminated before capping the bottles inside the factory. After a specific number of days, water samples were taken from freshly opened bottles and after filtration (100 mL), filters were placed on Columbia Agar with 5% Sheep blood to cultivate S. aureus and Slanetz and Bartley Agar to cultivate Ent. faecalis. The respective colony-forming units (CFU) were counted after incubation times ranging from 24 to 120 h. Colony-forming units of S. aureus were not detectable after the 16th and 27th day, whereas Ent. faecalis was not cultivable after the 5th and 13th day when stored inside the bottles. The investigation of the bottles that were stored open for a certain amount of time with CO2 bubbling out showed only single colonies for S. aureus after the 5th day and no CFUs for Ent. faecalis after the 17th day. A reduction in the two investigated bacterial strains during storage in carbonated mineral water bottles means that a proper standardized disinfection and cleaning procedure, according to valid hygiene standards of industrial bottling machines, cannot be replaced by carbonation.

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Impact of pH on growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Skin-to-blood pH shift triggers metabolome and proteome global remodelling in Staphylococcus epidermidis

Skin-to-blood pH shift triggers metabolome and proteome global remodelling in Staphylococcus epidermidis

The Skin Microbiome: Current Landscape and Future Opportunities

Dissolved Carbon Dioxide: The Lifespan of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis in Bottled Carbonated Mineral Water

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