Impact of Pesticide Exposure on Environment and Biodiversity: A Review

Abstract

The use of pesticide in modern agriculture and public health sector has been increased tremendously. Only 0.1% of pesticide applied to crops truly reaches the target, the rest of it enters into the environment. Several pesticides can persist in an ecosystem for longer periods accumulate in the body tissues of organisms and cause more health problems. Pesticide exposure generally occurs through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact or absorptions by intentionaly or unintentionaly which leads to acute and chronic health problems in non target organisms such as animals, birds, aquatic animals and human. A total of more than 100 articles related to impact of pesticide exposure were reviewed. To review the literature, we reviewed a number of studies, report and abstract between 1950 to 2020 using key words effect of pesticide on animals, birds, human, environment we used this term to search in in PubMed, ResearchGate and google scholar. Searching strategy also include cross-referencing of research and review article Improving epidemiological studies, metabolic studies, residue monitoring and experimental research on pesticide exposure can reduces human health risks of pesticide exposure. This article clearly explains how the pesticide enter into the atmosphere, soil and water and its adverse effect on birds, animals and human, major incidence regarding pesticide exposure and effort should be taken prevent the pesticide poisoning.

Externalities of Pesticides and Their Internalization in the Wheat–Maize Cropping System—A Case Study in China’s Northern Plains

“…Additionally, The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2022, published by the FAO, states that stabilizing the food supply contributes 4% to maintaining food security [31]. Hence, we incorporate this correction for the value of increased food production in relation to food security, as illustrated in Equations ( 5) and (6).…”

“…Pesticide emissions cause many environmental costs, for example, to pollination [2], water quality [3], biodiversity [4], and disease control [5]. Moreover, a crucial finding that demands attention is that merely 0.1% of pesticide application successfully reaches its designated target; in stark contrast, an astonishing 99.9% of chemical pesticides are directly released into the environment [6]. However, these external costs are not reflected or internalized in the market price, which may negatively influence human well-being and environmental protection costs [7][8][9][10].…”

The Insecticidal Efficacy and Physiological Action Mechanism of a Novel Agent GC16 against Tetranychus pueraricola (Acari: Tetranychidae)

“…Biodiversity is an important part of sustainable agriculture [ 3 , 4 ]. Considering the damage to biodiversity caused by conventional pesticides, there is a need to develop new alternative and eco-friendly pesticides to protect biodiversity [ 5 ].…”