Impact of perceived innovation characteristics on adoption of pharmacy-based in-house immunization services

Westrick, Salisa C.; Mount, Jeanine K.

doi:10.1211/ijpp.17.1.0006

Cited by 27 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…All four identified papers on immunisation and vaccination originated from overseas [21–24] . Although the scoping exercise did not identify any UK paper on immunisation and vaccination, there is, however, evidence [25] indicating that UK community pharmacists are providing services in this area.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of community pharmacists in public health: a scoping review of the literature

Agomo¹

2011

Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research

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Objectives To review the literature, including published and unpublished evidence, around the role of community pharmacists in public health, to identify key themes emerging from these data and to identify gaps in the evidence base. Methods The objectives of the study were met by identifying relevant literature from both the UK and overseas, through electronic database searches and the grey literature. The search was limited to the period from January 1985 to November 2010. Key findings The scoping study identified a wide range of roles that community pharmacists were providing in public health, with the dominant themes being in the areas of smoking cessation services, healthy eating and lifestyle advice, provision of emergency hormonal contraception, infection control and prevention, promoting cardiovascular health and blood pressure control and prevention and management of drug abuse, misuse and addiction. The scoping study also identified several barriers and gaps in the UK evidence base. The gaps were significant in those themes with no identified UK studies, such as preventing falls in the elderly, emergency preparedness and response to bioterrorism, climate change and potential pandemics, immunisation and vaccination services and prevention and risk assessment of osteoporosis. There were also gaps in the evidence base regarding the role of London community pharmacists in public health. Conclusions Although the scoping study identified a wide range of roles that community pharmacists were providing in public health, several gaps and barriers were also identified. Based on these gaps, a study incorporating mixed methods to provide in‐depth information about the role of London community pharmacists in public health could be more illuminating.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of community pharmacists in public health: a scoping review of the literature

Agomo¹

2011

Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research

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“…An existing body of evidence has identified several determinants of successful and sustainable pharmacy innovations 50,55,58 that can inform future interventions. Further research is needed on how to tailor pharmacy-based immunization services to match heterogeneous practice sites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,38,43 Factors such as participation in other public health services like HIV testing and needle exchange, and perceived benefit of PBIS were predictors of in-pharmacy immunization service adoption. 50,55,56,58,59 These factors were also associated with the decision to either outsource immunization services to other health professionals or implement inpharmacy services. 46,47 A multi-state survey indicated that a high percentage of pharmacies either lacked interest in or information about how to implement pharmacist-delivered immunization services.…”

Section: Feasibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compatibility of PBIS with pharmacy services or pharmacist and staff attitudes toward offering immunization services were influential in determining program sustainability. 50,55,56,58 Two main pathways to sustain practice-site innovations were identified: 1) a continuous process of assessment, modification and adaptation; or 2) having an "operational champion" with insider knowledge of the organizational structures to ensure PBIS fit within existing structures. 56 Discontinuation of in-pharmacy services was commonly reported when challenges or barriers to PBIS outweighed perceived benefit or revenue; state-level discontinuation rates ranged from 3 to 23%.…”

Section: Feasibilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Community pharmacies as sites of adult vaccination: A systematic review

Burson

Buttenheim

Armstrong

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

141

118

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Vaccine-preventable deaths among adults remain a major public health concern, despite continued efforts to increase vaccination rates in this population. Alternative approaches to immunization delivery may help address under-vaccination among adults. This systematic review assesses the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of community pharmacies as sites for adult vaccination. We searched 5 electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane, LILACS) for studies published prior to June 2016 and identified 47 relevant articles. We found that pharmacy-based immunization services (PBIS) have been facilitated by state regulatory changes and training programs that allow pharmacists to directly provide vaccinations. These services are widely accepted by both patients and pharmacy staff, and are capable of improving access and increasing vaccination rates. However, political and organizational barriers limit the feasibility and effectiveness of vaccine delivery in pharmacies. These studies provide evidence to inform policy and organizational efforts that promote the efficacy and sustainability of PBIS.

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“…In essence, this theory states that, adopters (i.e., pharmacists) make choices on whether to embrace an innovation (i.e., prescribing) by examining the uncertain benefits and risks of this new innovation [7]. Diffusion of Innovations theory has been widely used in many disciplines to explore innovation in health care [8] as well as pharmacy practice [9,10]. Notably, Greenhalgh and colleagues have developed a conceptual model to describe the key determinants of diffusion, dissemination, and implementation of innovation in health service organizations [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing: qualitative application of the diffusion of innovations theory

et al. 2013

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BackgroundIn 2007, Alberta became the first Canadian jurisdiction to grant pharmacists a wide range of prescribing privileges. Our objective was to understand what factors influence pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing using a model for the Diffusion of Innovations in healthcare services.MethodsPharmacists participated in semi-structured telephone interviews to discuss their prescribing practices and explore the facilitators and barriers to implementation. Pharmacists working in community, hospital, PCN, or other settings were selected using a mix of random and purposive sampling. Two investigators independently analyzed each transcript using an Interpretive Description approach to identify themes. Analyses were informed by a model explaining the Diffusion of Innovations in health service organizations.ResultsThirty-eight participants were interviewed. Prescribing behaviours varied from non-adoption through to product, disease, and patient focused use of prescribing. Pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing was dependent on the innovation itself, adopter, system readiness, and communication and influence. Adopting pharmacists viewed prescribing as a legitimization of previous practice and advantageous to instrumental daily tasks. The complexity of knowledge required for prescribing increased respectively in product, disease and patient focused prescribing scenarios. Individual adopters had higher levels of self-efficacy toward prescribing skills. At a system level, pharmacists who were in practice settings that were patient focused were more likely to adopt advanced prescribing practices, over those in product-focused settings. All pharmacists stated that physician relationships impacted their prescribing behaviours and individual pharmacists’ decisions to apply for independent prescribing privileges.ConclusionsDiffusion of Innovations theory was helpful in understanding the multifaceted nature of pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing. The characteristics of the prescribing model itself which legitimized prior practices, the model of practice in a pharmacy setting, and relationships with physicians were prominent influences on pharmacists’ prescribing behaviours.

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Impact of perceived innovation characteristics on adoption of pharmacy-based in-house immunization services

Cited by 27 publications

References 52 publications

The role of community pharmacists in public health: a scoping review of the literature

The role of community pharmacists in public health: a scoping review of the literature

Community pharmacies as sites of adult vaccination: A systematic review

Factors influencing pharmacists’ adoption of prescribing: qualitative application of the diffusion of innovations theory

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