“…Mining activities contribute significantly to toxic metal(loid) contaminants in the environment, which persist long (even decades) after mine closure (Delplace et al, 2022). The different environmental components, i.e., surface and groundwater, soil, sediment, atmosphere and biosphere, typically bear this impact (Bondu et al, 2023;Chen et al, 2017;Delplace et al, 2022;Elbaz-Poulichet et al, 2017;Huertas et al, 2012;Tepanosyan et al, 2018). In southern France, the border region of the Massif Central has long served as a major mining area for non-ferrous (Pb-Zn-Ag-Au) metals dating back to at least the medieval period and probably even as early as the Roman period (Elbaz-Poulichet et al, 2017).…”