Impact of osmotic and thermal isolation barrier on concentration and temperature polarization and energy efficiency in a novel FO-MD integrated module

Towards sustainable circular brine reclamation using seawater reverse osmosis, membrane distillation and forward osmosis hybrids: An experimental investigation

“…In this process, dilution and concentration occur simultaneously in the draw and feed sides, respectively, and the diluted draw solution can be recycled as feed for desalination processes such as RO and MD (Phillip et al, 2010). Moreover, potential of MD and FO integration has been reported in previous studies (Ang et al, 2020;Son et al, 2021) to maximize a system performance. In MD-FO hybrid system, MD regenerates the DS of FO process and FO produced water from impaired wastewater with low salinity (Kim et al, 2019;Li et al, 2020).…”