Impact of origin (wild vs. farmed) and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on expression of immune-relevant genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) skin

Gallardi, Daria; Xue, Xi; Hamoutene, Dounia; Lush, L.; Rise, Matthew L.

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.09.036

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Several LECT2 homologs have been identified from various fish species and demonstrated to have conserved roles as a chemoattractant. LECT2 was identified as an APP during bacterial infection in zebrafish [90] and presented an mRNA upregulation in a lice density-dependent manner in both wild and farmed Atlantic salmon skin at 24-26 dpi [91]. The disagreement in lect2-a mRNA expression in our study and that of Gallardi et al [91] might be influenced by differences in investigated tissues and sampling time points.…”

Section: Cytokine/chemokine Signalingcontrasting

confidence: 66%

“…LECT2 was identified as an APP during bacterial infection in zebrafish [90] and presented an mRNA upregulation in a lice density-dependent manner in both wild and farmed Atlantic salmon skin at 24-26 dpi [91]. The disagreement in lect2-a mRNA expression in our study and that of Gallardi et al [91] might be influenced by differences in investigated tissues and sampling time points. Human CXCL2 (MIP2) is chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, especially for neutrophils, and transcribed at the sites of wound repair [92].…”

Section: Cytokine/chemokine Signalingcontrasting

confidence: 66%

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Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host’s Defense Response

Umasuthan

Xue

Caballero‐Solares

et al. 2020

IJMS

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Parasitic sea lice (e.g., Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause costly outbreaks in salmon farming. Molecular insights into parasite-induced host responses will provide the basis for improved management strategies. We investigated the early transcriptomic responses in pelvic fins of Atlantic salmon parasitized with chalimus I stage sea lice. Fin samples collected from non-infected (i.e., pre-infected) control (PRE) and at chalimus-attachment sites (ATT) and adjacent to chalimus-attachment sites (ADJ) from infected fish were used in profiling global gene expression using 44K microarrays. We identified 6568 differentially expressed probes (DEPs, FDR < 5%) that included 1928 shared DEPs between ATT and ADJ compared to PRE. The ATT versus ADJ comparison revealed 90 DEPs, all of which were upregulated in ATT samples. Gene ontology/pathway term network analyses revealed profound changes in physiological processes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, tissue repair/remodeling and wound healing, immunity and defense, chemotaxis and signaling, antiviral response, and redox homeostasis in infected fins. The QPCR analysis of 37 microarray-identified transcripts representing these functional themes served to confirm the microarray results with a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001). Most immune/defense-relevant transcripts were downregulated in both ATT and ADJ sites compared to PRE, suggesting that chalimus exerts immunosuppressive effects in the salmon’s fins. The comparison between ATT and ADJ sites demonstrated the upregulation of a suite of immune-relevant transcripts, evidencing the salmon’s attempt to mount an anti-lice response. We hypothesize that an imbalance between immunomodulation caused by chalimus during the early phase of infection and weak defense response manifested by Atlantic salmon makes it a susceptible host for L. salmonis.

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Section: Cytokine/chemokine Signalingcontrasting

confidence: 66%

Section: Cytokine/chemokine Signalingcontrasting

confidence: 66%

Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host’s Defense Response

Umasuthan

Xue

Caballero‐Solares

et al. 2020

IJMS

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“…As confirmed by qPCR analysis, lice infection did not induce the inflammation biomarker genes il1b , cxcl8 , and cox2 ( 52 – 55 ) at the louse attachment and/or adjacent dorsal skin sites of PBS-injected salmon ( Figures 7 , 10 ). The transcription of il1b and cxcl8 had not shown a significant response to pre-adult L. salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon intact dorsal skin ( 56 ), nor had they been microarray-detected in L. salmonis- damaged skin compared with intact skin ( 24 ). Sea lice infection has repeatedly been described as immunosuppressing Atlantic salmon directly – via secretion of inflammation response-inhibitory substances– and indirectly – via chronic stress effects– ( 9 , 11 , 57 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome

et al. 2022

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Lepeophtheirus salmonis (sea lice) and bacterial co-infection threatens wild and farmed Atlantic salmon performance and welfare. In the present study, pre-adult L. salmonis-infected and non-infected salmon were intraperitoneally injected with either formalin-killed Aeromonas salmonicida bacterin (ASAL) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Dorsal skin samples from each injection/infection group (PBS/no lice, PBS/lice, ASAL/no lice, and ASAL/lice) were collected at 24 h post-injection and used for transcriptome profiling using a 44K salmonid microarray platform. Microarray results showed no clear inflammation gene expression signatures and revealed extensive gene repression effects by pre-adult lice (2,189 down and 345 up-regulated probes) in the PBS-injected salmon (PBS/lice vs. PBS/no lice), which involved basic cellular (e.g., RNA and protein metabolism) processes. Lice repressive effects were not observed within the group of ASAL-injected salmon (ASAL/lice vs. ASAL/no lice); on the contrary, the observed skin transcriptome changes –albeit of lesser magnitude (82 up and 1 down-regulated probes)– suggested the activation in key immune and wound healing processes (e.g., neutrophil degranulation, keratinocyte differentiation). The molecular skin response to ASAL was more intense in the lice-infected (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/lice; 272 up and 11 down-regulated probes) than in the non-infected fish (ASAL/no lice vs. PBS/no lice; 27 up-regulated probes). Regardless of lice infection, the skin’s response to ASAL was characterized by the putative activation of both antibacterial and wound healing pathways. The transcriptomic changes prompted by ASAL+lice co-stimulation (ASAL/lice vs. PBS/no lice; 1878 up and 3120 down-regulated probes) confirmed partial mitigation of lice repressive effects on fundamental cellular processes and the activation of pathways involved in innate (e.g., neutrophil degranulation) and adaptive immunity (e.g., antibody formation), as well as endothelial cell migration. The qPCR analyses evidenced immune-relevant genes co-stimulated by ASAL and lice in an additive (e.g., mbl2b, bcl6) and synergistic (e.g., hampa, il4r) manner. These results provided insight on the physiological response of the skin of L. salmonis-infected salmon 24 h after ASAL stimulation, which revealed immunostimulatory properties by the bacterin with potential applications in anti-lice treatments for aquaculture. As a simulated co-infection model, the present study also serves as a source of candidate gene biomarkers for sea lice and bacterial co-infection.

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“…Similarly, Gallardi et al . [34] exposed Atlantic salmon to sea lice ( Lepeophtheirus salmonis ), and found gene expression patterns of commercial fish tended to group more tightly in multi-dimensional analyses than those of wild genomes, indicating less variability in immune response.…”

Section: Broad Patterns Of Gene Expression Differentiation Under Dome...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, 'wild' fish were offspring of artificially spawned wild-caught parents, with eggs reared under artificial conditions, i.e. F 1 domestic fish (but see [24,34]). This is a consequence of the need to standardize rearing environment to isolate effects owing to genetic differences (the focus of most studies).…”

Section: (A) Identified Publicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environment and genotype predict the genomic nature of domestication of salmonids as revealed by gene expression

et al. 2022

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Billions of salmonids are produced annually by artificial reproduction for harvest and conservation. Morphologically, behaviourally and physiologically these fish differ from wild-born fish, including in ways consistent with domestication. Unlike most studied domesticates, which diverged from wild ancestors millennia ago, salmonids offer a tractable model for early-stage domestication. Here, we review a fundamental mechanism for domestication-driven differences in early-stage domestication, differentially expressed genes (DEGs), in salmonids. We found 34 publications examining DEGs under domestication driven by environment and genotype, covering six species, over a range of life-history stages and tissues. Three trends emerged. First, domesticated genotypes have increased expression of growth hormone and related metabolic genes, with differences magnified under artificial environments with increased food. Regulatory consequences of these DEGs potentially drive overall DEG patterns. Second, immune genes are often DEGs under domestication and not simply owing to release from growth-immune trade-offs under increased food. Third, domesticated genotypes exhibit reduced gene expression plasticity, with plasticity further reduced in low-complexity environments typical of production systems. Recommendations for experimental design improvements, coupled with tissue-specific expression and emerging analytical approaches for DEGs present tractable avenues to understand the evolution of domestication in salmonids and other species.

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Impact of origin (wild vs. farmed) and sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on expression of immune-relevant genes in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) skin

Cited by 6 publications

References 45 publications

Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host’s Defense Response

Transcriptomic Profiling in Fins of Atlantic Salmon Parasitized with Sea Lice: Evidence for an Early Imbalance Between Chalimus-Induced Immunomodulation and the Host’s Defense Response

Interacting Effects of Sea Louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) Infection and Formalin-Killed Aeromonas salmonicida on Atlantic Salmon Skin Transcriptome

Environment and genotype predict the genomic nature of domestication of salmonids as revealed by gene expression

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