Impact of oestradiol and progesterone on the glycosaminoglycans and their depolymerizing enzymes of the rat mammary gland

Sunil, N; Srinivasan, Narasimhan; Aruldhas, M. M.; Govindarajulu, P.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-201x.2000.00675.x

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Both sex steroids were also shown to stimulate synthesis of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are important ECM components regulating cell proliferation, migration, adhesion, differentiation, and cell-cell communication. A significant increase in total GAGs in the mammary gland of ovary-intact rats administered estradiol singly or in combination with progesterone indicated the stimulatory role of E2 and its synergism with P4 in augmenting total GAGs [36]. In the present study we have shown that simultaneous administration of E2 and P4 during 3D in vitro culture of bovine BME-UV1 mammary epithelial cells potentiates the rate of acini development by stimulation of apoptosis and autophagy inside the spherical structures.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Functional Interactions between 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate Autophagy during Acini Formation by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in 3D Cultures

Zielniok

Motyl

Gajewska

2014

BioMed Research International

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Mammary gland epithelium forms a network of ducts and alveolar units under control of ovarian hormones: 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). Mammary epithelial cells (MECs) cultured on reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) form three-dimensional (3D) acini composed of polarized monolayers surrounding a lumen. Using the 3D culture of BME-UV1 bovine MECs we previously demonstrated that autophagy was induced in the centrally located cells of developing spheroids, and sex steroids increased this process. In the present study we showed that E2 and P4 enhanced the expression of ATG3, ATG5, and BECN1 genes during acini formation, and this effect was accelerated in the presence of both hormones together. The stimulatory action of E2 and P4 was also reflected by increased levels of Atg5, Atg3, and LC3-II proteins. Additionally, the activity of kinases involved in autophagy regulation, Akt, ERK, AMPK, and mTOR, was examined. E2 + P4 slightly increased the level of phosphorylated AMPK but diminished phosphorylated Akt and mTOR on day 9 of 3D culture. Thus, the synergistic actions of E2 and P4 accelerate the development of bovine mammary acini, which may be connected with stimulation of ATGs expression, as well as regulation of signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt/mTOR; AMPK/mTOR) involved in autophagy induction.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Functional Interactions between 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate Autophagy during Acini Formation by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in 3D Cultures

Zielniok

Motyl

Gajewska

2014

BioMed Research International

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“…It is known to have protective properties during neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the brain (41). The HA regulatory effect of estrogen has been described in studies showing altered levels of HA in serum from healthy women treated with estrogen (42) and preclinical studies have shown that estrogen stimulates the production of HA in mammary glands (43), dermis (44) and bladder/urethra (45) of ovariectomize rats. Although there are no (to our knowledge) studies describing the influence of estrogen on HA production in the brain, we can not exclude the possibility that the hormone affects the presence of HA also in this part of the body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender-Dependent Levels of Hyaluronic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurodegenerative Dementia

Nielsen¹,

Palmqvist²,

Minthon³

et al. 2012

CAR

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Numerous reports over the years have described neuroinflammatory events and vascular changes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Interestingly, recent reports from other research areas suggest that inflammatory and vascular processes are influenced by gender. These findings are intriguing from the perspective that women show a higher incidence of AD and warrant investigations on how gender influences various processes in neurodegenerative dementia. In the current study we measured the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma concentrations of hyaluroinic acid (HA), an adhesionmolecule known to regulate both vascular and inflammatory processes, in AD and DLB patients as well as in healthy elders. Our analysis showed that male AD and DLB patients had almost double the amount of HA compared to female patients whereas no gender differences were observed in the controls. Furthermore, we found that CSF levels of HA in foremost female AD patients correlated with various AD related biomarkers. Correlations between HA levels and markers of inflammation and vascular changes were only detected in female AD patients but in both male and female DLB patients. We conclude that HA may be linked to several pathological events present in AD, as reflected in CSF protein concentrations. The HA profile in CSF, but not in plasma, and associations to other markers appear to be genderdependent which should be taken into account in clinical examinations and future biomarker studies.

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“…This could be mediated by the steroid-induced downregulation of HYAL2 as shown in the OVXP and OVXEP groups compared with the OVX group. Sunil et al (2000) reported that progesterone, either singly or in combination with estradiol, reduced the activity of HYAL in the mammary gland of an ovariectomized rat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of the hyaluronan system in ovine endometrium by ovarian steroids

Raheem¹,

Marei²,

Mifsud³

et al. 2013

Reproduction

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In this study, we investigated steroid regulation of the hyaluronan (HA) system in ovine endometrium including HA synthases (HAS), hyaluronidases, and HA receptor-CD44 using 30 adult Welsh Mountain ewes. Eight ewes were kept intact and synchronized to estrous (day 0). Intact ewes were killed on day 9 (luteal phase; LUT; nZ5) and day 16 (follicular phase; FOL; nZ3). The remaining ewes (nZ22) were ovariectomized and then treated (i.m.) with vehicle (nZ6) or progesterone (nZ8) for 10 days, or estrogen and progesterone for 3 days followed by 7 days of progesterone alone (nZ8). Estradiol and progesterone concentrations in plasma correlated with the stage of estrous or steroid treatment. Our results showed trends (P!0.1) and statistically significant effects (P!0.05, by t-test) indicating that LUT had lower HAS1 and HAS2 and higher HAS3 and CD44 mRNA expression compared with FOL. This was reflected in immunostaining of the corresponding HAS proteins. Similarly, in ovariectomized ewes, progesterone decreased HAS1 and HAS2 and increased HAS3 and CD44, whereas estradiol tended to increase HAS2 and decrease CD44. Sometimes, HAS mRNA expression did not follow the same trend observed in the intact animals or the protein expression. HA and its associated genes and receptors were regulated by the steroids. In conclusion, these results show that the level of HA production and the molecular weight of HA in the endometrium are regulated by ovarian steroids through differential expression of different HAS both at the gene and at the protein levels.

show abstract

Impact of oestradiol and progesterone on the glycosaminoglycans and their depolymerizing enzymes of the rat mammary gland

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Functional Interactions between 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate Autophagy during Acini Formation by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in 3D Cultures

Functional Interactions between 17β-Estradiol and Progesterone Regulate Autophagy during Acini Formation by Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells in 3D Cultures

Gender-Dependent Levels of Hyaluronic Acid in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Neurodegenerative Dementia

Regulation of the hyaluronan system in ovine endometrium by ovarian steroids

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