Impact of Nutritional Iodine Optimization on Rates of Thyroid Hypoechogenicity and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study

Miranda, Daniela; Massom, Juliana N; Catarino, Regina Maria; Santos, R. T. M.; Toyoda, Sônia S; Marone, Marília Martins Silveira; Tomimori, Eduardo; Monte, Osmar

doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0182

Cited by 38 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The echogenicity of the thyroid changed from isoechoic in individuals allocated to the normal group, to moderately or markedly hypoechoic in octogenarians and women in the increased TSH group. This corroborates previous reports that the hypoechogenicity of the gland is linked to the presence of circulating antithyroid antibodies (35), reflecting intraglandular inflammatory activity and thyroiditis (36).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Ultrasonographic assessment of thyroid volume in oldest-old individuals

Duarte

Araújo

Filho

et al. 2017

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the relationship between thyroid volume and age, gender, anthropometric characteristics, and echogenicity in oldest-old subjects in an iodine-sufficient area. Subjects and methods: The study included 81 independent elderly individuals aged ≥ 80 years (65 [80.2%] women). We determined these individuals' anthropometric characteristics, body mass index (BMI), and lean body mass, as well as thyroid volume and echogenicity by ultrasonography. Results: We observed that octogenarians and nonagenarians had different profiles of thyroid echogenicity. The volume of the thyroid was smaller in nonagenarians than octogenarians (p = 0.012, r = 0.176), and subjects aged 80-89 years had more often hypoechoic glands than those aged ≥ 90 years (p = 0.01 versus 0.602). Conclusion: The identification of ultrasonographic differences in oldestold individuals will contribute to establishing preclinical markers, such as echogenicity, to identify individuals at risk of developing autoimmune thyroid disease. Future prospective studies should identify if 80-89-year-old individuals with hypoechoic glands progress to hypothyroidism, and if the absence of changes in echogenicity (i.e. a normal thyroid parenchyma) would have a positive impact on longevity among nonagenarians. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2017;61(3):269-75.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…This prevented a correlation between ultrasonographic findings and the occurrence of autoimmune thyroid disease (15,16,35). However, our finding that certain groups with TSH > 4.5 mIU/L had smaller and more hypoechoic glands could be a sign of autoimmune thyroid disease in these individuals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Ultrasonographic assessment of thyroid volume in oldest-old individuals

Duarte

Araújo

Filho

et al. 2017

Arch. Endocrinol. Metab.

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“…However, other studies report no increase or a reduction in thyroid autoimmunity with time following fortification . The analysis of epidemiological data from a mildly iodine‐deficient population in Tasmania found no association between iodine supplementation and an increase of thyroid autoimmunity between 1995 and 2013 …”

Section: Thyroid Disorders Associated With Iodine Excessmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…However, other studies report no increase or a reduction in thyroid autoimmunity with time following fortification. 113,154,[156][157][158] The analysis of epidemiological data from a mildly iodinedeficient population in Tasmania found no association between iodine supplementation and an increase of thyroid autoimmunity between 1995 and 2013. 158 Improved diagnostic criteria and increasing the use of screening technologies for the thyroid (particularly thyroid ultrasound) have led to increased detection of mild thyroid disorders; this has likely contributed to an increase in the incidence of thyroid disorders and biased comparison over time.…”

Section: Hypothyroidismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Farebrother

Zimmermann

Andersson

2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

191

131

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Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy individuals, but in some people, excess iodine intakes may precipitate hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, goiter, and/or thyroid autoimmunity. Individuals with preexisting thyroid disease or those previously exposed to iodine deficiency may be more susceptible to thyroid disorders due to an increase in iodine intake, in some cases at intakes only slightly above physiological needs. Thyroid dysfunction due to excess iodine intake is usually mild and transient, but iodine‐induced hyperthyroidism can be life‐threatening in some individuals. At the population level, excess iodine intakes may arise from consumption of overiodized salt, drinking water, animal milk rich in iodine, certain seaweeds, iodine‐containing dietary supplements, and from a combination of these sources. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of a population reflects the total iodine intake from all sources and can accurately identify populations with excessive iodine intakes. Our review describes the association between excess iodine intake and thyroid function. We outline potential sources of excess iodine intake and the physiological responses and consequences of excess iodine intakes. We provide guidance on choice of biomarkers to assess iodine intake, with an emphasis on the UIC and thyroglobulin.

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“…Meanwhile, there have been other surveys in several locations indicating lower or higher levels of urinary iodine and differences in the prevalence of goiter. [8][9][10] In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, no recent national data on the prevalence of goiter or on urinary iodine levels is available to enable rational actions towards thyroid health.…”

Section: Salt Iodinationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Thyroid disorders in Brazil: time for action

Lotufo

2016

Sao Paulo Med. J.

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Chronic diseases are the leading cause of death and hospitalization in Brazil. In this regard, attention has been drawn to cardiovascular, neoplastic, respiratory, digestive and mental diseases, but not to thyroid disorders.1,2 There is certainly a contradiction between the epidemiological profile and the fact that thyroid conditions are one of the most prominent points of interest for clinicians.This discrepancy between the collective and individual approach probably arises because diagnosis, treatment, screening and prevention of thyroid diseases have been outstanding actions of both public health and medicine over the last two centuries. Nowadays, occurrences of patients with myxedematous facies and Graves's disorder are less frequent because of the combination of awareness among physicians of the symptoms and signs of thyroid dysfunction, availability of thyroid tests and use of inexpensive medicines for thyroid replacement or for blocking hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.One successful public health action that is rarely mentioned by epidemiologists is the iodine

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Impact of Nutritional Iodine Optimization on Rates of Thyroid Hypoechogenicity and Autoimmune Thyroiditis: A Cross-Sectional, Comparative Study

Abstract: The current nutritional iodine status in our cohort was within optimal levels and lower than levels found in 2003. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis seems to be decreasing in parallel with a decrease in iodine intake, although we could not reach a definitive conclusion.

Cited by 38 publications

References 27 publications

Ultrasonographic assessment of thyroid volume in oldest-old individuals

Ultrasonographic assessment of thyroid volume in oldest-old individuals

Excess iodine intake: sources, assessment, and effects on thyroid function

Thyroid disorders in Brazil: time for action

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