Impact of nonlinear pump interactions on broadband distributed Raman amplification

Impacts of dispersion maps on nonlinear distortion in distributed Raman amplified multi-span systems

“…Split-step Fourier method is used to solve the equation. Raman pump to signal nonlinear crosstalk is neglected, which is reasonable even for forward pumping provided the walk-off between pump and signal is large enough [7]. Moreover, pump channels are assumed as continuous waves, which only generate Raman gain, and do not cause signal waveform distortion.…”

Stimulated Raman Scattering and its Applications in Optical Communications and Optical Sensors

“…Some of these advances are the novel Raman pumping schemes recently used in transmission experiments. The main newly schemes studied are: co-pumping for broad-band amplifiers, in which the OSNR tilt across the signal band is compensated [13,14]; time-dependent Raman counter-pumping scheme where impairments such as pump-pump FWM [15] and the OSNR tilt [16] are seriously reduced [17][18][19][20][21] and high-order Raman pumping scheme to improve the span noise figure in a counter-pumping configuration or for a copumping scheme, allows more signal power to be launched before nonlinear distortions dominate [22,23]. Recently, there has been much investigation in order to obtain devices to amplify or generate light using stimulated Raman scattering in silicon [24].…”

Effects of time‐division multiplexing of two‐pump wavelengths on a counter‐pumped Raman‐fiber amplifier

“…The main problem when implementing this technology is the effect of nonlinear pump-to-pump interaction that leads to the unwanted factors of four-wave mixing and Raman-induced power transfer [3,4]. Therefore, a new technique of time-division multiplexing (TDM) of pump wavelengths for Raman fiber amplifiers was introduced to eliminate these problems and, furthermore, to provide an efficient way improve noise performance [5].…”