Impact of non-pharmacological initiatives for COVID-19 on hospital admissions due to pediatric acute respiratory illnesses

Chiapinotto, Sabrina; Sarria, Edgar E.; Mocelin, Helena Teresinha; Lima, João Antônio Bonfadini; Mattiello, Rita; Fischer, Gilberto Bueno

doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2021.04.003

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These decreases are clearly explained by the decrease in bacterial respiratory infections during the pandemic. Other authors found the same phenomenon, attributing the drop in respiratory infections (not COVID-19 infections) during the pandemic to social distancing (for example, schools closing), the use of face masks, decreased visits to doctors’ offices and emergency services, and measures of more restrictive health protocols during the pandemic ( Kuitunen et al, 2020a ; Kuitunen et al, 2020b ; Chiapinotto et al, 2021 ; Huang, 2021 ). All these measures contributed to the decrease in the transmissibility of respiratory pathogens, with a consequent decrease in the number of infections and use of these antibiotics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Consumption Trends of Antibiotics in Brazil During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2022

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Background: In 2019, a new type of coronavirus emerged and spread to the rest of the world. Numerous drugs were identified as possible treatments. Among the candidates for possible treatment was azithromycin alone or in combination with other drugs. As a result, many clinicians in Brazil have prescribed azithromycin in an attempt to combat or minimize the effects of COVID19.Aim: This study analyzed the sales data of the main antibiotics prescribed in Brazil to verify the change in consumption trends of these drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This is an interrupted time series that analyzed antimicrobial sales data between January 2014 and July 2021, publicly accessible information obtained from the Brazilian government’s website. Monthly means of “defined daily doses of DDDs” (DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day) of antibiotics were compared by analysis of variance, followed by the Dunnett Multiple Comparisons Test. Monthly trend changes in antibiotic use were verified using Joinpoint regression.Results: Amoxicillin (31.97%), azithromycin (18.33%), and cefalexin (16.61%) were the most sold antibiotics in Brazil during the evaluation period. Azithromycin consumption rose from 1.40 DDDs in February 2020 to 3.53 DDDs in July 2020. Azithromycin sales showed a significant increase in the pandemic period [Monthly Percent Change (MPC) 5.83%, 95% 1.80; 10.00], whereas there was a fall in amoxicillin sales (MPC −9.00%, 95% CI −14.70; −2.90) and cefalexin [MPC-2.70%, 95% (CI −6.30; −1.10)] in this same period.Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic changed the pattern of antibiotic consumption in Brazil, with a decrease in the use of amoxicillin and cefalexin and an increase in the consumption of azithromycin.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Consumption Trends of Antibiotics in Brazil During the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2022

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“…Not surprisingly, in 2020 the typical increase in consultations and hospital admissions for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza viruses did not occur during the winter season [ 13 , 25 , 26 ]. Furthermore, emergency consultations for air communicable diseases were less than that for other conditions, such as urinary infections, neurological and surgical problems or accidents [ 12 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

et al. 2021

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Objective: To evaluate how the restrictive measures implemented during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have influenced the incidence of the most common children’s diseases and the consumption of medications in 2020 compared to 2019. Methods: We involved all family pediatricians of the local health authority of Latina, from which we requested data of monthly visits in 2019 and 2020 for six common diseases disseminated through droplets and contact, and the territorial and integrative pharmaceutical unit of the area, from which we requested data of the net expenditure regarding the most commonly used drugs at pediatric age. Results: There was significant reduction in the incidence of the evaluated diseases and in the consumption of investigated drugs between 2019 and 2020 in the months when the restrictive measures were in place, with an attenuation of this effect during the months of the gradual loosening of those measures. Conclusion: Nonpharmaceutical intervention measures have caused changes in the diffusion of common pediatric diseases. We believe that the implementation of a reasonable containment strategy, even outside of the pandemic, could positively influence the epidemiology of infectious and allergic diseases in children, and healthcare system spending.

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“…These measures have helped contain the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and inevitably influenced the spread of other viruses, reducing the burden of other acute respiratory infections (ARIs). Data registered a lower incidence of ARIs both in children and adults during the implementation of COVID-19 containment measures, also including influenza and asthma exacerbations, which are commonly triggered by viral infections and represent a frequent reason for hospital admission [ 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 Containment Measures On Bronchiolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Brazil, social distancing and non-pharmaceutical interventions significantly reduced hospitalization for ARIs in children with acute bronchiolitis by 70% up to 93% in most scenarios [ 49 , 57 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Covid-19 Containment Measures On Bronchiolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Lesson for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Hygiene Works

et al. 2021

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Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of acute lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) in infants worldwide. The global direct medical cost associated with RSV LRTIs reaches billions of dollars, with the highest burden in low–middle-income countries. Many efforts have been devoted to improving its prevention and management, including both non-pharmaceutical and pharmaceutical strategies, often with limited routine use in high-income countries due to high costs. During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, a dramatic decrease in RSV infections (up to 70–90%) has been reported around the globe, directly related to the implementation of containment measures (face masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing). Primary prevention has demonstrated the highest cost effectiveness ratio in reducing the burden of a respiratory infection such as RSV, never reached before. Thus, we emphasize the importance of non-pharmaceutical preventive hygiene measures that should be implemented and maintained even after the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Impact of non-pharmacological initiatives for COVID-19 on hospital admissions due to pediatric acute respiratory illnesses

Cited by 21 publications

References 28 publications

Consumption Trends of Antibiotics in Brazil During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Consumption Trends of Antibiotics in Brazil During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Change in Pediatric Health Care Spending and Drug Utilization during the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 Lesson for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV): Hygiene Works

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