Impact of nitrogen amount and timing on the potential of acrylamide formation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Weber, Ernst Albrecht; Graeff, Simone; Koller, Wolf‐Dietrich; Hermann, Wilfried; Merkt, Nikolaus; Claupein, Wilhelm

doi:10.1016/j.fcr.2007.10.011

Cited by 40 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In the untreated control, free asparagine content increases due to higher nitrogen offer up to a level of 250% in comparison with the non-fertilized variant, whereas this increase is only around 150% in fungicide treated variants. The increase of free asparagine content in relation to nitrogen dose in wheat confirms the findings reported by Weber et al (2008). Enhanced offer of nitrogen in plants elevated free asparagine content in flour and above all in combination with stress factors that reduce the utilization of amino acids in protein synthesis.…”

Section: Evaluation Of the Effect Of Nitrogen Nutrition In Interactiosupporting

confidence: 88%

“…A considerable role is obviously played also by genetic regulation of enzymes participating in the synthesis and degradation of asparagine in plant. According to Weber et al (2008), free asparagine content in wheat flour increases at increased nitrogen doses (220 kg/ha) up to 270% relative to non-fertilized control depending on cultivar and year. The increased potential of acrylamide formation is particularly caused by nitrogen fertilization resulting in protein content higher than 13%.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of nitrogen nutrition, fungicide treatment and wheat genotype on free asparagine and reducing sugars content as precursors of acrylamide formation in bread

Martinek¹,

Klem²,

Váňová³

et al. 2009

Plant Soil Environ.

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Acrylamide, a monomer with neurotoxic and potential carcinogenic effect, is formed via the Maillard reaction in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. The major acrylamide precursors are reducing sugars and the amino acid asparagine. The aim of this study was to analyse effects of nitrogen nutrition, leaf disease control, wheat genotype and their interactions on acrylamide precursors content in wheat flour. Asparagine content was generally increasing at higher nitrogen doses, and nitrogen dose increase from 0 to 180 kg/ha increased the asparagine content to about 250%. The highest asparagine levels were determined at early spring nitrogen application. In the year 2006 with high leaf disease infestation, fungicide treatment decreased asparagine content particularly at higher nitrogen doses. In 2007, the effect of leaf disease control did not express in respect of very low infestation level. Close relationship between protein content and free asparagine in wheat flour was determined when leaf disease stress (fungicide treatment) and drought stress (year) were constant. Asparagine content was strongly influenced by wheat genotype and the differences between genotypes exceeded 200%. Effect of higher intensity was lower as compared to nitrogen nutrition, with regard to compensatory effect of fungicide treatments. Glucose content in wheat flour decreased both with fungicide treatment and total intensity level. Nitrogen dose increased glucose content up to 120 kg N/ha. Higher nitrogen doses decreased glucose content to initial level.

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Section: Evaluation Of the Effect Of Nitrogen Nutrition In Interactiosupporting

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of nitrogen nutrition, fungicide treatment and wheat genotype on free asparagine and reducing sugars content as precursors of acrylamide formation in bread

Martinek¹,

Klem²,

Váňová³

et al. 2009

Plant Soil Environ.

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“…Several studies have shown that N applications before flowering increase mainly grain mass [9], whereas N applications around flowering increase mainly grain protein content [10,11]. In the past, farmers often used simplified methods to estimate the N demand for late N applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Programmable Aerial Multispectral Camera System for In-Season Crop Biomass and Nitrogen Content Estimation

et al. 2016

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Abstract:The study introduces a prototype multispectral camera system for aerial estimation of above-ground biomass and nitrogen (N) content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The system is fully programmable and designed as a lightweight payload for unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). It is based on an industrial multi-sensor camera and a customizable image processing routine. The system was tested in a split fertilized N field trial at different growth stages in between the end of stem elongation and the end of anthesis. The acquired multispectral images were processed to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and red-edge inflection point (REIP) orthoimages for an analysis with simple linear regression models. The best results for the estimation of above-ground biomass were achieved with the NDVI (R 2 = 0.72-0.85, RMSE = 12.3%-17.6%), whereas N content was estimated best with the REIP (R 2 = 0.58-0.89, RMSE = 7.6%-11.7%). Moreover, NDVI and REIP predicted grain yield at a high level of accuracy (R 2 = 0.89-0.94, RMSE = 9.0%-12.1%). Grain protein content could be predicted best with the REIP (R 2 = 0.76-0.86, RMSE = 3.6%-4.7%), with the limitation of prediction inaccuracies for N-deficient canopies.

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“…Fertilization is a key measure in crop production that increases yield and quality and affects Asn levels as well. Nitrogen amount and timing of application, as well as nitrogen form can affect Asn contents in wheat considerably [30,46]. Especially high nitrogen availability during grain filling leading to high crude protein contents is considered to increase free Asn levels significantly [46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nitrogen amount and timing of application, as well as nitrogen form can affect Asn contents in wheat considerably [30,46]. Especially high nitrogen availability during grain filling leading to high crude protein contents is considered to increase free Asn levels significantly [46]. Postles et al [36] found for rye that free Asn was influenced by variety and nitrogen supply.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrylamide Formation Potential of Organically and Conventionally Grown Cereals

Stockmann¹,

Weber²,

Mast³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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As bakery products contribute considerably to the daily intake of the carcinogen acting substance acrylamide (AA), the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the cropping system (conventional vs. organic farming) on AA precursor levels of free asparagine (Asn) across different cultivars of the cereal species, namely winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), winter spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) and winter rye (Secale cereale) with simultaneous consideration of gained grain yields and flour qualities. For this purpose, orthogonal field trials were established at two sites in Southwest Germany over two growing seasons (2006-2007 and 2007-2008). The results indicated a significant impact of the cropping system on free Asn contents. Across all species, free Asn contents in the flour were 26 % lower under organic compared to conventional farming. The impact of the cropping system on individual cultivars was obvious with a maximum reduction in free Asn contents of 50 % (e.g. for cultivars Ludwig, Privileg, Capo) if organically produced. For spelt, a significant impact of the cropping system was only found in 2008 with a reduction in free Asn of up to 25 % if organically produced. Across both cropping systems, cultivar Franckenkorn reached the lowest levels of free Asn. For rye, a significant impact of the cropping system was observed only in 2007 with 33 % higher Asn amounts in the conventional cropping system. Independent of the cropping system, rye reached the highest levels of free Asn followed by wheat and spelt. Across both cropping systems, species and cultivars, the amount of free Asn correlated with the AA content in heated flour with R 2 =0.63***. Furthermore, the results indicated that lower AA contents in bakery products can be achieved by proper selection of species (e.g. 66 % lower if rye is replaced by wheat) and cultivars. With an appropriate choice of the cultivar, a reduction of up to 65 % was possible within wheat, along with a reduction of 44 % within spelt and 12.5 % within rye. In summary, the results indicated that organically produced wheat especially offers the opportunity to significantly lower the AA potential of bread and bread rolls by the choice of raw materials low in free Asn.

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Impact of nitrogen amount and timing on the potential of acrylamide formation in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Cited by 40 publications

References 18 publications

Effects of nitrogen nutrition, fungicide treatment and wheat genotype on free asparagine and reducing sugars content as precursors of acrylamide formation in bread

Effects of nitrogen nutrition, fungicide treatment and wheat genotype on free asparagine and reducing sugars content as precursors of acrylamide formation in bread

A Programmable Aerial Multispectral Camera System for In-Season Crop Biomass and Nitrogen Content Estimation

Acrylamide Formation Potential of Organically and Conventionally Grown Cereals

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