“…Kotler (2016) believed that customers’ perceived value of a product is based on whether different layers of products/services can satisfy consumer needs, which greatly determines their likelihood of purchase. Although originally developed for application in marketing, Kotler’s five-level product framework has been widely applied to manufacturing (Koh et al, 2013), computers and software (Cottrell & Nault, 2004), online retail (Chen & Sun, 2016), and banking (Orji et al, 2017). Most recently, we have started to see application of the framework in the hospitality and tourism discipline, which is known as providing both tangible and intangible products (e.g., Duan et al, 2018; Gašović et al, 2018).…”