Impact of Nanomaterials on the Regulation of Gene Expression and Metabolomics of Plants under Salt Stress

Abstract

Plant salinity resistance results from a combination of responses at the physiological, molecular, cellular, and metabolic levels. This article focuses on plant stress tolerance mechanisms for controlling ion homeostasis, stress signaling, hormone metabolism, anti-oxidative enzymes, and osmotic balance after nanoparticle applications. Nanoparticles are used as an emerging tool to stimulate specific biochemical reactions related to plant ecophysiological output because of their small size, increased surface area and absorption rate, efficient catalysis of reactions, and adequate reactive sites. Regulated ecophysiological control in saline environments could play a crucial role in plant growth promotion and survival of plants under suboptimal conditions. Plant biologists are seeking to develop a broad profile of genes and proteins that contribute to plant salt resistance. These plant metabolic profiles can be developed due to advancements in genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, and transcriptomic techniques. In order to quantify plant stress responses, transmembrane ion transport, sensors and receptors in signaling transduction, and metabolites involved in the energy supply require thorough study. In addition, more research is needed on the plant salinity stress response based on molecular interactions in response to nanoparticle treatment. The application of nanoparticles as an aspect of genetic engineering for the generation of salt-tolerant plants is a promising area of research. This review article addresses the use of nanoparticles in plant breeding and genetic engineering techniques to develop salt-tolerant crops.

Algal-Mediated Nanoparticles, Phycochar, and Biofertilizers for Mitigating Abiotic Stresses in Plants: A Review

“…Rich microbial flora can improve important soil characteristics such as soil structure, aggregation, compaction, pore spacing, and water penetration [36]. In addition, algae are a diverse group of mostly photosynthetic microorganisms that comprise both prokaryotic (cyanobacteria) and eukaryotic (green algae, euglenoids, and diatoms) species [37]. Algae can significantly raise soil fertility, which assists with plant development and protection by increasing nutrient availability [38], and provides an effective alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural contexts, as well as producing bioactive chemicals such as phytohormones [39], developing root networking [40], and defending crops from plant pathogens and pests [40].…”

Metabolomics reveals the response of hydroprimed maize to mitigate the impact of soil salinization

“…However, little attention has been paid so far to the metabolic response of hydroprimed maize under salt stress in the early development stage. A systematic assessment of endogenous plant metabolites (metabolomics) can help unravel metabolic networks and shed light on interactions between plants and the environment ( Abideen et al., 2022 ). Roots are in close contact with the soil solution, they are first to confront excessive salinity and are the first places of “line of defence”.…”

Manganese Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Mechanisms of Influence on Plant Resistance to Stress, and Prospects for Application in Agricultural Chemistry

“…Effect on Plant DNA and Gene Expression. It was shown that metal NPs can affect the level of expression of genes encoding the synthesis of the vacuolar proton exchanger, SOD, cytochrome P450-dependent oxidase, and PER, 153 miRNAs genes, 154 and genes encoding aquaporins in seeds. 155 Takehara et al 156 demonstrated that MgO NPs induce strong immunity against Fusarium wilt in tomatoes, which was associated also with differential expression of several genes and provided new insights into the probable genetic mechanisms explaining this immunity.…”