Impact of music on anxiety and pain control during extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

Abstract

Background: The present evidence is insufficient for evaluating the impact of exclusive music therapy on anxiety and pain control in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to explore the efficacy of music therapy in reducing pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL. PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane library databases (updated March 2020) were searched for randomized controlled trials assessing music therapy in reducing pain and anxiety in patients undergoing ESWL. The search strategy and study selection process were managed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement. Results: Five randomized controlled trials were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, music intervention groups experienced significant reductions in pain (risk ratios = –1.20, 95% confidence intervals = –1.95 to –0.45, P = .002) and anxiety (risk ratios = –3.31, 95% confidence intervals = –4.97 to –1.84, P < .0001) compared with control groups during ESWL. Music therapy gave patient more satisfaction with the treatment and a willingness to repeat the therapy was reported. However, there was no significant difference in the stone clearance rate. Conclusions: Listening to music can reduce patient's pain and anxiety significantly with increased therapy satisfaction and willingness to repeat.

Music Harmonizes Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy Experience by Reducing Anxiety and Pain – A Randomized Control Trial

“…The mean difference of pain scores between the music and control group in the 5 RCTs was 0.90, 0.50, 0.60, 2.00 & 2.00 (all showing significant reduction in pain with music). Similarly mean difference of anxiety scores between the music and control group in these RCTs was 3.30, 4.20, 4.20, 2.70 & 3.31 (again showing reduced anxiety with the use of music) 21 .…”

Effect of acupressure on pain intensity and physiological indices in patients undergoing extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a randomized double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial

“…The lithotripsy operator may also reduce the device's frequency and voltage due to the patient's unbearable and severe pain, resulting in a proportional decrease in lithotripsy success [ 35 ]. The most commonly used drug regimens for this purpose include NSAIDs such as diclofenac [ 36 ], sodium parecoxib [ 21 ], and opioids such as morphine [ 2 ]. However, the use of these drugs may be associated with several adverse effects: reduced renal blood flow, renal failure, severe nausea, vomiting, and potentially dangerous complications like respiratory depression, in addition to their high costs [ 10 , 18 ].…”

“…Urinary stones are one of the most common reasons individuals seek urology clinics [ 1 ], affecting 12% of the general population [ 2 ]. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), a non-invasive therapeutic technique using shock waves, is considered the standard treatment for upper urinary tract and kidney stones [ 3 ].…”

“…Pain sources from ESWL include somatic pain (superficial pain resulting from the impact of waves on the skin and muscles) [ 2 ] and visceral pain (deep pain resulting from the penetration of shock waves into the capsule and nerves of the kidney) [ 5 ]. There is no consensus on a standardized analgesic regimen for optimal pain reduction during lithotripsy [ 8 ].…”

Effects of Audiovisual Virtual Reality Stimulation on Pain, Anxiety, and Relaxation During Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy for Ureteral Stones : A Prospective Cohort Study

“…Several studies have investigated the effect of music on pain reduction during SWL. A meta-analysis by Wang et al analyzed the results of 5 randomized controlled trials involving a total of 580 participants [5]. The meta-analysis found that music therapy signi cantly reduced pain intensity during SWL (Standardized mean difference = -1.20, 95% CI -1.95 to -0.45).…”