Abstract:Objective: The United States Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act allocated funds for states to expand Medicaid coverage. However, several states declined expansion. We aim to determine whether Medicaid expansion is associated with healthcare coverage, cancer stage at diagnosis, treatment, and survival among patients with rhinologic cancer. Rhinologic cancer was defined to include cancer of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinus, nasopharynx, or olfactory nerve.Study design: Cohort study. Methods: Patients di… Show more
“…A total of 2830 studies were initially identified for screening, of which 50 were included in the review . Reasons for exclusion are depicted in the Figure.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most studied HNC subsite was laryngeal cancer with 25 studies (50%), followed by oral cavity and oropharynx, each with 19 studies (38%). The most assessed outcome was advanced overall stage at presentation or diagnosis among 37 studies (74%) . Other options included advanced tumor size, advanced nodal disease, metastatic disease at presentation, and delayed diagnosis.…”
ImportanceSocial determinants of health (SDoH) are defined by a wide range of factors (eg, built environment, economic stability, education level, discrimination, racism, access to health care). Advanced stage at presentation or delayed diagnosis heavily influences health outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). While the drivers of advanced-stage presentation come from a multitude of sources, SDoH plays an outsized role.ObjectiveTo systematically review the published literature to identify which SDoH are established as risk factors for delayed diagnosis or advanced stage at presentation among patients with HNC.Evidence ReviewIn this systematic review, a literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted on February 27, 2023, using keywords related to advanced stage at presentation and delayed diagnosis of HNC between 2013 and 2023. Quality assessment was evaluated through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Articles were included if they focused on US-based populations and factors associated with advanced stage at presentation or delayed diagnosis of HNC.FindingsOverall, 50 articles were included for full-text extraction, of which 30 (60%) were database studies. Race was the most commonly reported variable (46 studies [92%]), with Black race (43 studies [93%]) being the most studied racial group showing an increased risk of delay in diagnosis of HNC. Other commonly studied variables that were associated with advanced stage at presentation included sex and gender (41 studies [82%]), insurance status (25 studies [50%]), geographic region (5 studies [10%]), and socioeconomic status (20 studies [40%]). Male sex, lack of insurance, rurality, and low socioeconomic status were all identified as risk factors for advanced stage at presentation.Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review provides a comprehensive list of factors that were associated with advanced HNC stage at presentation. Future studies should focus on evaluating interventions aimed at addressing the SDoH in communities experiencing disparities to provide a net positive effect on HNC care.
“…A total of 2830 studies were initially identified for screening, of which 50 were included in the review . Reasons for exclusion are depicted in the Figure.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The most studied HNC subsite was laryngeal cancer with 25 studies (50%), followed by oral cavity and oropharynx, each with 19 studies (38%). The most assessed outcome was advanced overall stage at presentation or diagnosis among 37 studies (74%) . Other options included advanced tumor size, advanced nodal disease, metastatic disease at presentation, and delayed diagnosis.…”
ImportanceSocial determinants of health (SDoH) are defined by a wide range of factors (eg, built environment, economic stability, education level, discrimination, racism, access to health care). Advanced stage at presentation or delayed diagnosis heavily influences health outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). While the drivers of advanced-stage presentation come from a multitude of sources, SDoH plays an outsized role.ObjectiveTo systematically review the published literature to identify which SDoH are established as risk factors for delayed diagnosis or advanced stage at presentation among patients with HNC.Evidence ReviewIn this systematic review, a literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase was conducted on February 27, 2023, using keywords related to advanced stage at presentation and delayed diagnosis of HNC between 2013 and 2023. Quality assessment was evaluated through the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Articles were included if they focused on US-based populations and factors associated with advanced stage at presentation or delayed diagnosis of HNC.FindingsOverall, 50 articles were included for full-text extraction, of which 30 (60%) were database studies. Race was the most commonly reported variable (46 studies [92%]), with Black race (43 studies [93%]) being the most studied racial group showing an increased risk of delay in diagnosis of HNC. Other commonly studied variables that were associated with advanced stage at presentation included sex and gender (41 studies [82%]), insurance status (25 studies [50%]), geographic region (5 studies [10%]), and socioeconomic status (20 studies [40%]). Male sex, lack of insurance, rurality, and low socioeconomic status were all identified as risk factors for advanced stage at presentation.Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review provides a comprehensive list of factors that were associated with advanced HNC stage at presentation. Future studies should focus on evaluating interventions aimed at addressing the SDoH in communities experiencing disparities to provide a net positive effect on HNC care.
ObjectivesTo compare patient access to urgent care centers (UCCs) with a diagnosis of sudden hearing loss based on insurance.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐five random UCCs in states with Medicaid expansion and 125 random UCCs in states without Medicaid expansion were contacted by a research assistant posing as a family member seeking care on behalf of a patient with a one‐week history of sudden, unilateral hearing loss. Each clinic was called once as a Medicaid patient and once as a private insurance (PI) patient for 500 total calls. Each phone encounter was evaluated for insurance acceptance and self‐pay price. Secondary outcomes included other measures of timely/accessible care. Chi‐square/McNemar's tests and independent/paired sample t‐tests were performed to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between expansion status and insurance type. Calls ended before answering questions were not included in the analysis.ResultsMedicaid acceptance rate was significantly lower than PI (68.1% vs. 98.4%, p < 0.001). UCCs in Medicaid expansion states were significantly more likely to accept Medicaid (76.8% vs. 59.2%, p = 0.003). The mean wage‐adjusted self‐pay price was significantly greater in states with Medicaid expansion at $169.84 than in states without at $145.34 when called as a Medicaid patient (mean difference: $24.50, 95% Confidence Interval: $0.45–$48.54, p = 0.046). The rates of referral to an emergency department and self‐pay price nondisclosure rates were greater for Medicaid calls than for private insurance calls (8.2% vs. 0.4% and 17.4% vs. 5.8%; p < 0.001 for both).ConclusionMedicaid patients with otologic emergencies face reduced access to care at UCCs.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 2024
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