Impact of Lubricant Oil Additives on the Performance of Pd-Based Three-Way Catalysts

Impact of Primary and Secondary ZDDP and Ionic Liquid as Lubricant Oil Additives on the Performance and Physicochemical Properties of Pd-Based Three-Way Catalysts

“…The catalyst temperature can be manipulated by adjusting the amount of O 2 injected upstream of the lambda sensor during the accelerated aging of the TWC. The manipulation of the catalyst temperature has been described in detail in a previous study [19]. In the present study, the amount of oil consumption for the full useful-life of the TWC of 150,000 miles was estimated to be between 15 and 90 mg/km for typical gasoline vehicles based on a study by West et al [24].…”

“…Figure 6 shows the BET surface area in m 2 /g of NA-, ZDDP1-, ZDDP2-, IL+ZDDP1-, and IL+ZDDP2-aged TWC samples. In the previous study [19], the BET surface area of the NAaged TWC sample is reduced by about 16% compared with the fresh TWC sample, mainly due to thermal aging. All TWC samples exposed to lubricant additives (ZDDP1, ZDDP2, IL+ZDDP1, and IL+ZDDP2) have a lower BET surface area than the NA-aged TWC sample, with the IL+ZDDP2-aged TWC sample having the smallest surface area of 71.6 m 2 /g.…”

“…The schematic of BFR is shown in Figure 12. As the BFR has been described in detail elsewhere [10,19], only a brief discussion is given here. The individual gases of the simulated exhaust gases were introduced into the BFR system using mass flow controllers (MFCs) with a composition similar to that of the exhaust gases from a stoichiometric gasoline direct injection (S-GDI) engine.…”

“…Therefore, they claimed that the impact of [P66614][DEHP] on the performance of TWC is no worse than the conventional industrystandard ZDDP. In a more recent study by Kim et al [19], the impact of a new IL formulation, [P8888][DEHP], industry-standard ZDDP2, and mixed additive of [P8888][DEHP] and ZDDP2 (IL+ZDDP2) on the performance of the Pd-based TWC is investigated. They observed that in addition to thermal aging IL, ZDDP2, and IL+ZDDP2 additives have an additional impact on the TWC performance; and the impact of mixed additive of IL+ZDDP2 on the performance of TWC is comparable to the conventional ZDDP2.…”

“…However, the effects of mixing each ZDDP with the new IL formulation ([P8888][DEHP]) on the TWC have not yet been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the effects of IL mixed lubricant additives containing primary ZDDP and secondary ZDDP such as primary ZDDP+IL and secondary ZDDP+IL on TWC are investigated and compared with each ZDDP using the approach adopted by Kim et al [19]. The impact of lubricant additives on the performance of the TWCs is investigated by comparing the temperature of 50% conversion (T 50 ) and 90% conversion (T 90 ) for NO, CO, C 3 H 6 , and C 3 H 8 , water-gas shift (WGS) reactivity, and oxygen storage capacity (OSC).…”