Impact of Layer Thickness and Storage Time on the Properties of 3D-Printed Dental Dies

Sabbah, Aya; Romanos, Georgios E.; Delgado-Ruíz, Rafael Arcesio

doi:10.3390/ma14030509

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The thin layer created more discrete points, ensuring an accurate print by producing smooth, uniform, and detailed features [ 51 ]. Although printing time decreased with increased layer thickness [ 52 ], the thicker layer generated few discrete points and separated from themselves at extended distances, leading to a stair-stepping effect at the edge affecting the dimensional accuracy [ 50 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Optimization of Dimensional Accuracy and Porosity of High Impact Polystyrene Material Printed by FDM Process: PSO, JAYA, Rao, and Bald Eagle Search Algorithms

et al. 2021

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High impact polystyrene (HIPS) material is widely used for low-strength structural applications. To ensure proper function, dimensional accuracy and porosity are at the forefront of industrial relevance. The dimensional accuracy cylindricity error (CE) and porosity of printed parts are influenced mainly by the control variables (layer thickness, shell thickness, infill density, print speed of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) process). In this study, a central composite design (CCD) matrix was used to perform experiments and analyze the complete insight information of the process (control variables influence on CE and porosity of FDM parts). Shell thickness for CE and infill density for porosity were identified as the most significant factors. Layer thickness interaction with shell thickness, infill density (except for CE), and print speed were found to be significant for both outputs. The interaction factors, i.e., shell thickness and infill density, were insignificant (negligible effect) for both outputs. The models developed produced a better fit for regression with an R2 equal to 94.56% for CE, and 99.10% for porosity, respectively. Four algorithms (bald eagle search optimization (BES), particle swarm optimization (PSO), RAO-3, and JAYA) were applied to determine optimal FDM conditions while examining six case studies (sets of weights assigned for porosity and CE) focused on minimizing both CE and porosity. BES and RAO-3 algorithms determined optimal conditions (layer thickness: 0.22 mm; shell thickness: 2 mm; infill density: 100%; print speed: 30 mm/s) at a reduced computation time equal to 0.007 s, differing from JAYA and PSO, which resulted in an experimental CE of 0.1215 mm and 2.5% of porosity in printed parts. Consequently, BES and RAO-3 algorithms are efficient tools for the optimization of FDM parts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Optimization of Dimensional Accuracy and Porosity of High Impact Polystyrene Material Printed by FDM Process: PSO, JAYA, Rao, and Bald Eagle Search Algorithms

et al. 2021

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“…Further complicating the streamlining of the hybrid workflow is the potentially extended time needed for the actual printing of the dental model, inherently dependant on the printing system available, and could span to several hours per model. Henceforth, it is paramount that a 3D printed model remains dimensionally stable during storage to ensure the proper fabrication of the prosthesis for adequate seating, conformity with the patient's stomatognathic system and the planned treatment especially in multiunit indirect restoration that requires a passive fit upon insertion, and surgical guides for accurate implant placement [11,12]. If, however, 3D printed models do demonstrate dimensional changes with storage, then such changes should be accounted for as part of the validation process of the workflow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proposed In Vitro Methodology for Assessing the Accuracy of Three-Dimensionally Printed Dental Models and the Impact of Storage on Dimensional Stability

et al. 2021

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The objective of this study was to propose a standardised methodology for assessing the accuracy of three-dimensional printed (3DP) full-arch dental models and the impact of storage using two printing technologies. A reference model (RM) comprising seven spheres was 3D-printed using digital light processing (MAX UV, MAX) and stereolithography (Form 2, F2) five times per printer. The diameter of the spheres (n = 35) represented the dimensional trueness (DT), while twenty-one vectors (n = 105) extending between the sphere centres represented the full-arch trueness (FT). Samples were measured at two (T1) and six (T2) weeks using a commercial profilometer to assess their dimensional stability. Significant (p < 0.05) contraction in DT occurred at T1 and T2 with a medium deviation of 108 µm and 99 µm for MAX, and 117 µm and 118 µm for F2, respectively. No significant (p > 0.05) deviations were detected for FT. The detected median deviations were evenly distributed across the arch for MAX at <50 µm versus F2, where the greatest error of 278 µm was in the posterior region. Storage did not significantly impact the model’s DT in contrast to FT (p < 0.05). The proposed methodology was able to assess the accuracy of 3DP. Storage significantly impacted the full-arch accuracy of the models up to 6 weeks post-printing.

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“…Three-dimensional (3D) printing technique can manufacture the 3D physical consistent with the corresponding mathematical mode by stacking materials layer by layer [25][26][27]. Benefiting from its process flexibility and large-scale scalability, the cost-effective direct ink writing (DIW) method, known as 3D printing based on ink extrusion, opens the way for the next-generation power sources [28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-Healing and Highly Stretchable Hydrogel for Interfacial Compatible Flexible Paper-Based Micro-Supercapacitor

Wang

Shi

et al. 2021

Materials

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Most reported wearable electronic devices lack self-healing chemistry and flexible function to maintain stable energy output while irreversible damages and complex deformations. In this work, we report a dual-dynamic network electrolyte synthesized by micellar elastomers introduced into strong hydrogel matrix. The gel electrolyte is fabricated by physically cross-linking the borax-polyvinyl alcohol (B-PVA) network as tough matrix and poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO)-poly (propylene oxide) (PPO)-poly (ethylene oxide) (Pluronic) to frame elastic network, followed by immersion in potassium chloride solution. Under the action of dynamic borate ester bond and multi-network hydrogen bond, the as-prepared electrolyte exhibits high stretchability (1535%) and good self-healing efficiency. Based on the electrolyte, we assemble the interfacial compatible micro-supercapacitor (MSC) by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) interdigital electrode printed on cellulosic paper by direct ink writing (DIW) technique. Thanks to the large specific area and compressive deformation resistance of cellulosic paper, the MSC with tightly interfacial contact achieves high volumetric capacitance of 801.9 mF cm−3 at the current density of 20 μA cm−2. In the absence of stimulation of the external environment, the self-healing MSC demonstrates an ideal capacity retention (90.43%) after five physical damaged/healing cycles. Our research provides a clean and effective strategy to construct wearable MSC.

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Impact of Layer Thickness and Storage Time on the Properties of 3D-Printed Dental Dies

Cited by 26 publications

References 30 publications

Analysis and Optimization of Dimensional Accuracy and Porosity of High Impact Polystyrene Material Printed by FDM Process: PSO, JAYA, Rao, and Bald Eagle Search Algorithms

Analysis and Optimization of Dimensional Accuracy and Porosity of High Impact Polystyrene Material Printed by FDM Process: PSO, JAYA, Rao, and Bald Eagle Search Algorithms

A Proposed In Vitro Methodology for Assessing the Accuracy of Three-Dimensionally Printed Dental Models and the Impact of Storage on Dimensional Stability

Self-Healing and Highly Stretchable Hydrogel for Interfacial Compatible Flexible Paper-Based Micro-Supercapacitor

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