Impact of Land-use and Land-cover Change on Groundwater Quality and Quantity in the Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India: A Remote Sensing and GIS approach

Abstract

An attempt has been made to correlate groundwater quantity and quality concerning land use and land cover in the city, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. The land-use land-cover (LULC) is one of the dynamic processes of the urbanization method in a city or cities in a developing country. To assess the land use and land cover classes, we have used the multi-temporal remote sensing LANDSAT data of the year 2000 and 2018. There are ten LULC classes are identified, such as settlement, road, cultivation, industry, drainage, river, open land, vegetation, canal, and water bodies. The result shows that the LULC changes are mainly associated within the settlement and the cultivated area in the highest degree from 2000 to till date (2018). A comparison of LULC between the years 2000 and 2018 indicates that anthropogenic activities like settlement, road, and industrial areas have been expanded. The spatiotemporal variation of the water table and water quality parameters such as electrical conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Nitrate (NO3) between the year 2000 and 2018 have also been studied. The result shows that significant changes in the groundwater quantity and quality in the study area are due to anthropogenic activity.

Overview of the Application of Remote Sensing in Effective Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters

“…Physical water indicators include pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), salinity or total dissolved solids (TDS), nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and aesthetics (i.e., odor, color, and taints) Chemical parameters, however, include, but are not limited to, cations such as calcium (Ca 2+ ), potassium (Na + ), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) as well as anions such as nitrate (NO 3− ), sulfate (SO 4 2− ), and chloride (Cl − ); meanwhile, biological parameters include algae and bacteria such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and total coliforms. Categorization of these parameters was performed through correlation analysis [18,66]. Other contaminants in water include volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) that are detrimental to public health and are of environmental concern due to their usage by industry-inclined countries.…”

“…With increasing urbanization and climate change, impairments to some water bodies continue to worsen, exposing more than half of the world's water bodies to a myriad of anthropogenic activities that ultimately destroy ecological environments and impair public health [79][80][81]. Most of the stormwater discharges into freshwater bodies are largely untreated and about 80% of the wastewater discharged from municipalities and industries released worldwide ends up in freshwater bodies [66]. The environmental damage caused by these pollutants is signifcant and measures need to be taken to control the rate of pollution.…”

“…Researchers in [66] assessed the impact of effluents on the quality of a river body and quantified the various water quality indicators such as physical, bacteriological, and chemical parameters. Knowing the concentration of these parameters aids in assessing the quality of water.…”

Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Key Water Quality Parameters in a Thermal Stratified Lake Ecosystem: The Case Study of Lake Mead

“…The two widely used spatial interpolation methods for environmental and water quality studies are inverse distance weighted (IDW) and kriging. These interpolation methods are spatial and 3D analyst tools used in converting the vector data (point values) to raster maps to simulate the entire distribution of the study area [30,[92][93][94][95]. IDW is the simplest and most computationally effective approach for interpolation techniques, which assumes that values at unsampled localities are more significantly influenced by sample points nearby [94].…”

“…Physical parameters include total suspended solids (TSS), pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), salinity or total dissolved solids (TDS), temperature, and electrical conductivity (EC), while chemical parameters include cations and anions. Examples of biological parameters are algae, total coliforms, and bacteria [2,5,30].…”