“…Previous studies concerned the effect of physical capital on productivity (Li & Su, 2022; Magazzino & Mele, 2022; Oliver Huidobro et al., 2022; Rahman & Shahari, 2017). Following the augmented Solow growth model, the studies extended the need for human capital in labor productivity (He et al., 2022; Hutter & Weber, 2021; Kufenko et al., 2020; Le et al., 2022; Mazhar & Rehman, 2022; Okunade et al., 2022; Park & Seo, 2016). In the technology age, textbooks and augmented models are modified following the modernization factors affecting productivity, especially the effect of Information and Communications Technology (ICT).…”