Impact of iron supplementation on cognitive functions in preschool and school-aged children: the Indian experience

Seshadri, Subadra; Gopaldas, Tara

doi:10.1093/ajcn/50.3.675

Cited by 191 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The mean ± SD before and after treatment were 14.4 ± 13.4 and 10.5 ± 12.3, respectively. Previous studies in Indian children have also shown that children with iron deficiency anemia had lower levels of attention and concentration and that there was significant improvement with iron supplementation [28,29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Iron Profile in Children with Behavioural Disorders: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Mahajan

Sikka

Rusia

et al. 2011

Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus

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Iron deficiency anemia is the most frequent micronutrient deficiency in the developing countries like India especially affecting pregnant women and young children. Iron is an essential element involved in myelin formation, neurotransmitter synthesis and neuro-metabolism. Several behavioural disturbances have been reported in iron deficient children. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in children with behavioural disorders and assessed the improvement in terms of symptoms (by child behaviour check list), haematological parameters and iron status after treatment with oral iron. In this prospective study, 44 children in the age group of 3-12 years who were diagnosed with behavioural disorders were evaluated. Complete blood counts using automated hematology analyzer and iron parameters (serum iron, total iron binding capacity, % transferrin saturation and serum ferritin) were measured in all the patients to assess the prevalence of iron deficiency in these children. Thirty age matched controls were also studied. Iron deficiency was found in 32 (73%) children, as assessed by transferrin saturation \16% and/or serum ferritin \16 lg/l. Following treatment with iron for 100 ± 10 days, there was a statistically (P B 0.05) significant improvement in the clinical features, haematological profile and iron status. The presence of iron deficiency in children with behavioural disorders and subsequent improvement in clinical features, haematological profile and iron status suggests a possible causal relationship between iron deficiency and behavioural disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Iron Profile in Children with Behavioural Disorders: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Mahajan

Sikka

Rusia

et al. 2011

Indian J Hematol Blood Transfus

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“…Anemic children of more than 2 years also usually had poorer cognition and school achievements as compared to non-anemic once. They usually catch up in cognition with repeated testing and treatment but not in school achievement (33).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron deficiency anaemia: Effect on congnitive development in children: A review

Batra

Sood

2005

Indian J Clin Biochem

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Iron deficiency evolves slowly through several stages. Early iron deficiency caused a depletion in iron stores as shown by a reduction in the levels of hepatic non-heine iron in the new born of iron deficient mothers. Of particular importance is the effect on central nervous system, which leads to the defects in the cognition and learning processes in humans. Evidence is strong that in many under developed countries iron deficiency is the main cause of anaemia and supplementation under trial conditions may prevent some defects of iron deficiency but not all.

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“…Iron deficiency has detrimental effects on physical and mental development of young children and is irreversible when iron therapy is started after the critical period for development has elapsed (Kretchmer et al, 1996). In older children and adolescents, iron deficiency, with or without anaemia, interferes with learning capacity and school achievement (Bruner et al, 1996;Seshadri & Gopaldas, 1989) as well as with growth (Chwang et al, 1988;Lawless et al, 1994) and appetite (Lawless et al, 1994). In pregnancy, anaemia can lead to reduced intrauterine growth and thus to low birth weight and peri-natal mortality (Scholl & Hediger, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socio-economic status and puberty are the main factors determining anaemia in adolescent girls and boys in East Java, Indonesia

Soekarjo¹,

Pee²,

Bloem³

et al. 2001

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Objective: To determine prevalence and contributing factors of anaemia in adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional study of anaemia prevalence, socio-economic status and puberty. Setting: Schools in East Java, Indonesia. Subjects: Male and female adolescent pupils (age 12 -15 y; n ¼ 6486). Results: Anaemia prevalence was 25.8% among girls (n ¼ 3486), 24.5% among pre-pubertal boys (n ¼ 821), and 12.1% among pubertal boys (n ¼ 2179). Socio-economic status, indicated by type of school attended, was an important factor determining the risk of anaemia. Girls had a higher risk when they attended a poor school (OR poorest school, 1.00; other schools, 0.67 -0.87), had reached puberty (OR, 1.25), had lower retinol intake (OR 1st -4th quartiles -1.00, 0.97, 0.89, 0.77) and higher vitamin A intake from plant sources (OR 1st -4th quartiles -1.00, 1.10, 1.31, 1.04). Boys had a higher risk of anaemia when they attended a poor school (OR poorest school 1.00, other schools 0.54 -0.63), were younger (OR per year ¼ 0.79), had not yet reached puberty (OR not yet, 1.00; already, 0.78), were shorter (OR per cm 0.95), had smaller mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) (OR per mm 0.99) and lower retinol intake (OR 1st -4th quartile 1.00, 0.67, 0.74, 0.68).Conclusions: Anaemia in adolescents should be reported separately for pre-pubertal and pubertal subjects and for different ages, and the population's socio-economic status should be specified. The results of this survey call for treatment of anaemia in adolescents. Given Indonesia's current situation, micronutrient intake of adolescents should be increased using supplements for all girls and for pre-pubertal boys. Sponsorship: This survey was funded by USAID through the OMNI project.

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Impact of iron supplementation on cognitive functions in preschool and school-aged children: the Indian experience

Cited by 191 publications

References 5 publications

Iron Profile in Children with Behavioural Disorders: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Iron Profile in Children with Behavioural Disorders: A Prospective Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India

Iron deficiency anaemia: Effect on congnitive development in children: A review

Socio-economic status and puberty are the main factors determining anaemia in adolescent girls and boys in East Java, Indonesia

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