Impact of iodine intake on the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid disease in children and adults

Abstract

Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates the body's metabolism and iodine, a vital trace mineral, is vital for TH synthesis. As a TH biosynthesis catalyst, iodine has a substantial role in our health. When there is a modest iodine deficit, the thyroid gland grows autonomously, resulting in thyrotoxicosis. Those who consume excessive iodine risk developing hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity. A transient hyperthyroid condition may rapidly increase iodine consumption. Iodine deficiency is common across the globe, and provision of supplementary iodine, in forms such as iodized salt or vegetable oil, has many benefits. Vegetarians, for instance, may not consume adequate amounts of iodine in some countries with high iodine content. Reduced dietary iodine intakes may be a consequence of efforts to reduce salt intakes to prevent hypertension. In addition, iodine consumption is decreasing in many countries, even among those where endemic goiter has previously been eradicated, leading to the re-emergence of iodine-deficiency-related disorders such as goiter. This review will discuss how iodine can contribute to the development of thyroid disease.

A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Itraconazole and a Combination Therapy with Itraconazole and Potassium Iodide for the Treatment of Feline Sporotrichosis

“…A shortened time to remission of all clinical signs in cats treated with the combined therapy may be related to the anti-inflammatory effect of KI linked to cytokine regulation [65], and/or to a beneficial interaction between ITZ and KI that has not been fully elucidated yet. In addition, excessive iodine supplementation in humans, as well as in cats, may affect the thyroid function, which might have an impact on the host immune response, but this has not been explored with the use of KI in the treatment of sporotrichosis [66][67][68][69][70][71].…”

Effects of iodine status on thyroid volume and goiter in children living in an iodine-replete area

“…The possible mechanisms of excess iodine-induced thyroid enlargement include autoimmune-mediated lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland or a compensatory increase in TSH levels due to decreased thyroid hormone synthesis, leading to stimulation and proliferation of the thyroid gland ( 35 , 36 , 37 ). However, in this study, thyroid parenchymal changes suggestive of lymphocytic infiltrations were not observed, and TSH levels were not associated with Tvol, which may be explained by the young age and the small sample size of our participants.…”

Dietary Patterns and Hypothyroidism in U.S. Adult Population

“…Thus, the thyroid gland will not be able to effectively take up and utilize iodine for hormone production. Generally, this effect is transient, as the thyroid gland resumes its normal function once iodine concentrations drop back to normal [15]. However, in some cases, the Wolff-Chaikoff effect persists, causing long-term hypothyroidism [15].…”

“…Many studies have linked diet to the etiology of various diseases, including cardiometabolic and autoimmune diseases and psychological disorders [14][15][16]. Because individuals do not consume a single or limited number of nutrients, but consume different types of foods, it is important to study the whole diet rather than a single nutrient to obtain a holistic overview of what individuals consume.…”