“…This is due to conflicting findings on the nature of the relationship that exists between economic growth and industrialization. Some studies have found that industrialization has a positive impact on economic growth (Yangailo & Chambani, 2023;Lugina et al,2022;Bokosi, 2022;Ibitoye et al,2022;Wang & Su, 2019;Su & Yao,2017), while others have not (Iheoma & Jelilov, 2017;Ibbih & Gaiya, 2013;Jelilov et al, 2016). This study was the first to be conducted in the Tongan context.…”