Impact of Income on Life Expectancy: A Challenge for the Pension Policy

Walczak, Damian; Wantoch-Rekowski, Jacek; Marczak, Robert

doi:10.3390/risks9040065

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The other important variable, i.e., per capita income, shows a positive effect on life expectancy and a negative on mortality. Other studies also noted that income has a positive effect on life expectancy and a negative on mortality ( 48 , 58 , 59 ). Nations with a higher level of national income tend to spend more on health and support their people by providing better healthcare facilities thus increasing life expectancy and reducing mortality ( 48 , 60 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries

Anwar

Hyder

Nor

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionThe consistent increase in health expenditures is an integral part of health policy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of health expenditures on health outcomes in the OECD countries.MethodWe used the system generalized method of moments (GMM) for thirty eight OECD countries using panel data from 1996 to 2020.Results and discussionThe findings show that health expenditures have a negative impact on infant mortality while positive on life expectancy. The results further verify that the income measured as GDP, number of doctors, and air pollution has a negative effect on infant mortality, while these variables have a positive effect on life expectancy in the studied countries. The outcome of the study suggests that health expenditures need to be properly utilized and improvements can be made in the health policies to increase the investment in health technology. The government should also focus on measures like economic and environmental to have long-lasting health outcomes.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries

Anwar

Hyder

Nor

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is also true for retired German women [ 34 ]. In Poland, the impact of pension income on LE is much stronger among men than women, for whom LE is strongly influenced by other factors [ 51 ]. The focus of our analysis in this research is therefore the male mortality gradient by pension income.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and life expectancy trends in Spain by pension income level for male pensioners in the general regime retiring at the statutory age, 2005–2018

González

Regúlez-Castillo

Ventura-Marco

et al. 2022

Int J Equity Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Research has generally found a significant inverse relationship in mortality risk across socioeconomic (SE) groups. This paper focuses on Spain, a country for which there continues to be very little evidence available concerning retirement pensioners. We draw on the Continuous Sample of Working Lives (CSWL) to investigate disparities in SE mortality among retired men aged 65 and above over the longest possible period covered by this data source: 2005–2018. We use the initial pension income (PI) level as our single indicator of the SE status of the retired population. Methods The mortality gradient by income is quantified in two ways: via an indicator referred to as “relative mortality”, and by estimating changes in total life expectancy (LE) by PI level at ages 65 and 75 over time. We show that, should the information provided by the relative mortality ratio not be completely clear, a second indicator needs to be introduced to give a broad picture of the true extent of inequality in mortality. Results The first indicator reveals that, for the period covered and for all age groups, the differences in death rates across PI levels widens over time. At older age groups, these differences across PI levels diminish. The second indicator shows that disparities in LE at ages 65 and 75 between pensioners in the lowest and highest income groups are relatively small, although slightly higher than previously reported for Spain. This gap in LE widens over time, from 1.49 to 2.54 years and from 0.71 to 1.40 years respectively for pensioners aged 65 and 75. These differences are statistically significant. Conclusions Along with other behavioral and structural aspects, a combination of factors such as the design of the pension system, the universality and quality of the health system, and high levels of family support could explain why LE inequalities for retired Spanish men are relatively small. To establish the reasons for this increased inequality in LE, more research needs to be carried out. An analysis of all Spanish social security records instead of just a sample would provide us with more information.

show abstract

“…In addition, income has a considerably greater influence on life expectancy in males than in women. Other variables significantly impact women's life expectancy (Walczak et al, 2021). How does the money we are looking into affect a person's life expectancy?…”

Section: Literature Review Demographic Factors (Income Age Gender) In...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Demographic Factors in Affecting Customers Food Choices: The Case of Bandar Baru Bangi

Shahrom¹,

Abidin²,

Rohaizat³

et al. 2023

IJARBSS

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Malaysia is well-known for its multi-ethnic population, culture, tradition and food. The entire country is heaven for foodies. The varieties of food have contributed to a melting pot of different cultures highlighting the Malay, Chinese and Indian cuisines. It is evident to discover factors affecting customers on their food choices. This study addressed three (3) demographic factors, namely income, age and gender factor in customers' selection of food choices. A survey focused deeply on gaining the exact data and accurate measurements focusing on Bandar Baru Bangi (BBB) as the selected destination for the study. The data from this study were analysed using the SPSS programme version 20.0, which comprised descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Findings indicated that all three variables strongly affect customers' food choices. The findings of the study can assist business owners in improving their business by diversifying the food portion for high-quality food, attracting more customers from different levels of people, and making better decisions and suggestions for creating a range of meals that are acceptable for both men and women due to different gender have different food preferences. Future research is suggested at the end of this paper.

show abstract

Impact of Income on Life Expectancy: A Challenge for the Pension Policy

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries

Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: a study on OECD countries

Mortality and life expectancy trends in Spain by pension income level for male pensioners in the general regime retiring at the statutory age, 2005–2018

Assessing Demographic Factors in Affecting Customers Food Choices: The Case of Bandar Baru Bangi

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About