Impact of human papillomavirus vaccine on cervical cancer epidemic: Evidence from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results program

Abstract

IntroductionSince 2006, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been recommended for females aged 9–26 years in the United States. Aiming to evaluate the early effect of the HPV vaccine on cervical cancer, this study assessed the incidence of cervical cancer by age and histology before and after the introduction of HPV vaccination.MethodsData on cervical cancer incidence from 1975–2019 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Joinpoint regression was used to determine temporal trends over time. Future cervical cancer incidence (2015–2039) was projected using Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis. Age-period-cohort (APC) models were created to evaluate age, period, and cohort effects.ResultsFor overall cervical cancer and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), incidence rate showed decreasing trends (–0.7%, and –1.0% annually, respectively), whereas cervical adenocarcinoma (AC) incidence continuously increased (2.6% annually). The incidence trends for AC were stable in the 20–24 and 25–29-year age groups, whereas there was an increasing trend in older age groups. Similarly, the projected trend for AC in females aged 20–30 years exhibited a decline, whereas an increase was predicted in the 31–40–year age group, especially in the 35–44 year age group. The birth cohort and period effects in SCC and AC were extracted from APC models.DiscussionDuring the period of 1975–2019, the incidence of cervical AC remained almost unchanged in the age groups receiving HPV vaccines while increased in the age groups not receiving HPV vaccines. The birth cohort effects of SCC and AC of the cervix provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine in preventing cervical cancer.

Secular trends of morbidity and mortality of thyroid cancer in five Asian countries from 1990 to 2019 and their predictions to 2035

“…In this study, the Bayesian age‐period‐cohort (BAPC) model was used for the projection of the incidence and mortality of TC up to 2035 in five Asian countries. The BAPC model has been widely used in analyzing and projecting age stratified cancer incidence and death 10–13 . Model comparison based on our TC data showed the advantage of the BAPC model (Table S1).…”

“…The BAPC model has been widely used in analyzing and projecting age stratified cancer incidence and death. [10][11][12][13] Model comparison based on our TC data showed the advantage of the BAPC model (Table S1). Moreover, projections from the BAPC model have been well calibrated with a narrow uncertainty interval.…”

Survival benefit of surgery with postoperative radiotherapy in locally advanced cervical adenocarcinoma: a population-based analysis

“…Cervical AC is a subtype of cervical cancer that is less prevalent than SCC but has been experiencing a rise in incidence in recent years [ 2 , 3 ]. The epidemiological, clinicopathological, and molecular features, as well as the treatment response and prognosis, of AC of the uterine cervix diverge from those of SCC, as demonstrated by numerous studies [ 4 , 16 ].…”

“…This disease is a critical global health issue, with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) representing the most common histologic subtype. However, the incidence of adenocarcinoma (AC) has been steadily rising in recent decades, particularly among younger women, and now comprises approximately 20–25% of all cervical cancers [ 2 , 3 ]. This trend is concerning because AC is associated with worse outcomes and is less responsive to standard treatments compared to SCC [ 3 , 4 ].…”