Impact of Healthcare-Associated Infections Connected to Medical Devices—An Update

Abstract

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are caused by nosocomial pathogens. HAIs have an immense impact not only on developing countries but also on highly developed parts of world. They are predominantly device-associated infections that are caused by the planktonic form of microorganisms as well as those organized in biofilms. This review elucidates the impact of HAIs, focusing on device-associated infections such as central line-associated bloodstream infection including catheter infection, catheter-associated urinary tract infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and surgical site infections. The most relevant microorganisms are mentioned in terms of their frequency of infection on medical devices. Standard care bundles, conventional therapy, and novel approaches against device-associated infections are briefly mentioned as well. This review concisely summarizes relevant and up-to-date information on HAIs and HAI-associated microorganisms and also provides a description of several useful approaches for tackling HAIs.

Synergistic Potentiation of Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Penicillin and Bacitracin by Octyl Gallate, a Food-Grade Antioxidant, in Staphylococcus epidermidis

“…S. epidermidis , as a common member of the human skin microbiome, can be introduced to catheters and implants during surgery and can develop biofilms on the surface of these indwelling medical devices [ 2 , 4 , 22 ]. Indwelling medical devices are vulnerable to biofilm formation by pathogens, and bacterial cells in biofilms are highly tolerant to antibiotics, which makes the eradication of biofilms extremely difficult [ 23 ]. Our previous study showed that OG significantly increases the antibiofilm activity of bacitracin against MRSA [ 16 ].…”

Curcumin-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Strongly Prevents Candida parapsilosis Adhesion and Biofilm Formation

“…Biofilm-related infections represent a major clinical threat with high impact on economic costs and human health [ 1 ]. Biofilms are surface-associated microorganism communities, composed of single or multi species, embedded in an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), secreted by the cells [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…These biofilm-related infections are difficult to threat, often requiring prolonged and combined antimicrobial therapy with poor therapeutic outcomes and a high risk of drug resistance onset. In particular, the colonization of medical devices often requires the removal and replacement of the same, leading to a prolongation of the patient’s hospitalization and an increased risk of mortality [ 1 ].…”

Biosynthesis and antibacterial activity of manganese oxide nanoparticles prepared by green tea extract

“…Pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa , can affect people with compromised natural defenses and cause extreme systematic disease [9] . Clinical manifestations include nosocomial or healthcare-related infections, such as pneumonia, urinary infections, surgical wound infections, joint infections and septicaemia, as well as common community infections, such as intestinal, skin, soft tissue and otitis externa infections [10] .…”