Impact of halogen-free flame retardant with varied phosphorus chemical surrounding on the properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin: synthesis, fire behaviour, flame-retardant mechanism and mechanical properties

Zhao, Xiaomin; Babu, Heeralal Vignesh; LLorca, J.; Wang, De‐Yi

doi:10.1039/c6ra13168a

Cited by 93 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…[136][137][138][139] A series of phosphazene and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives (94)(95)(96)(97) Polycarbonates Polycarbonate (PC) is extensively applied in the electronics, construction, and automotive industries because of its outstanding properties such as stiffness, good hardness, transparency, impact strength, thermal stability, and dimensional stability. [136][137][138][139] A series of phosphazene and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives (94)(95)(96)(97) Polycarbonates Polycarbonate (PC) is extensively applied in the electronics, construction, and automotive industries because of its outstanding properties such as stiffness, good hardness, transparency, impact strength, thermal stability, and dimensional stability.…”

Section: Cellulose Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Nazir

Gaan

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds containing nitrogen as heteroatom and its application as a flame retardant (FR) have attracted much attention in the academic and industrial communities over the past decade. Such compounds are relatively easy to synthesize and offer advantages such as high thermal stability, which is useful for high temperature processing, improved char stability, density, and yield during the thermal decomposition of polymer, and release phosphorus species active in the flame inhibition process. Though a variety of phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) compounds can be found in the literature, this review mostly summarizes the recent (since 2013) development in phosphorus (O)-nitrogen containing flame retardants which have been published in peer-reviewed journals. General strategies of synthesizing P(O)-N compounds as FRs from various phosphorus-based starting materials are highlighted in this review. Some of the most common classes of researched P(O)-N containing compounds as FRs include the phosphinamides, phosphonamides, phosphoramides, phosphoramidates, phosphorodiamidates, phosphonamidates and their thio counterparts which are usually obtained via a one-or two-step synthetic strategy. Incorporation of these compounds as FRs in various polymer systems such as polyurethane, epoxy resins, polyamides, cellulose, polylactide, poly(butylene terephthalate), polycarbonates, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene are discussed in detail in this review. Special emphasis on the various fire and thermal performances of the new materials are also summarized. The mechanical performance of new materials and the influence of these additives on polymer processing are also briefly discussed.

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Section: Cellulose Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Their FR behaviors were investigated, and UL-94 tests showed that for the EPs with 2 wt % P a V-0 rating and LOI values of 30% could be achieved 96. Both compounds were successfully used as crosslinkers for the EPs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Nazir

Gaan

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…With the development and maturity of flame retardancy technology, flame retardants are gradually developing toward environmental protection, low toxicity, high efficiency, and multifunctionality. Phosphorus, nitrogen, silicon, and sulfur have become the favorite elements because of their excellent flame retardancy. There are many reports about combining DOPO with sulfur, nitrogen, and silicon elements that can achieve together flame retardancy and play an important role of each element in the flame retardancy areas .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly efficient multielement flame retardant for multifunctional epoxy resin with satisfactory thermal, flame‐retardant, and mechanical properties

Chen

Lin

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Multifunctional epoxy resins with excellent, thermal, flame‐retardant, and mechanical properties are extremely important for various applications. To solve this challenging problem, a novel highly efficient multielement flame retardant (PMSBA) is synthesized and the flame‐retardant and mechanical properties of modified epoxy resins are greatly enhanced without significantly altering their and thermal properties by applying the as‐synthesized PMSBA. The limiting oxygen index value reaches up to 29.6% and could pass the V‐0 rating in the UL‐94 test with even low P content (0.13%). Furthermore, cone calorimetry results demonstrate that 30.3% reduction in the peak heat release rate for the sample with 10.0 wt% PMSBA is achieved. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate that Si‐C, Si‐N, and phosphoric acid derivative can be transformed into a multihole and intumescent char layer as an effective barrier, preserving the epoxy resin structure from fire. More importantly, mechanical properties such as impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength are also increased by 63.86%, 33.54%, and 15.65%, respectively, which show the incorporation of PMSBA do not deteriorate the mechanical properties of modified epoxy resins. All the results show that PMSBA is a promising strategy for epoxy resin with satisfactory, thermal, flame‐retardant, and mechanical properties.

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“…Traditional inorganic flame retardants such as Mg (OH) 2 and Al (OH) 3 will eventually lead to a serious decline in mechanical properties because of the high loading level . Phosphorus flame retardant has characteristics of low toxicity, environmental friendliness, and high flame‐retardant efficiency. However, ordinary organophosphorus flame retardants including phosphate and phosphite ester also reduce the mechanical properties because of the plasticizing effect at room temperature .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of bio‐based poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres acting as both flame retardant and reinforcing agent to epoxy resin

Yang

Dong

Hou

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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A highly cross‐linked poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microsphere (PRV) was synthesized by using hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and bio‐based resveratrol (REV) as raw materials, and the obtained PRV microspheres were applied to improve the flame retardancy and mechanical property of epoxy resin (EP). The TGA results showed that the PRV microsphere is an excellent charring agent and the char yield is as high as 62% at 800°C. The incorporation of PRV makes the initial degradation earlier yet significantly increases the char residue of EP composites. Moreover, the introduction of PRV microspheres into EP greatly promoted the flame retardancy performance. Under 3% of addition of PRV microspheres, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 58.3% and 29.6%, respectively, the limited oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 29.7% from 25.3% of pure EP. In addition, because of the uniform distribution in EP matrix and the enhancing effect of PRV microspheres, the mechanical properties including tensile modulus of EP composites were strengthened. PRV microspheres in this paper provide a possibility to synthesize a dual functional filler, which acts as both flame retardant and strengthening agent.

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Impact of halogen-free flame retardant with varied phosphorus chemical surrounding on the properties of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin: synthesis, fire behaviour, flame-retardant mechanism and mechanical properties

Cited by 93 publications

References 40 publications

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Recent developments in P(O/S)–N containing flame retardants

Highly efficient multielement flame retardant for multifunctional epoxy resin with satisfactory thermal, flame‐retardant, and mechanical properties

Synthesis of bio‐based poly (cyclotriphosphazene‐resveratrol) microspheres acting as both flame retardant and reinforcing agent to epoxy resin

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