Impact of growth form and carbohydrate reserves on tolerance to simulated deer herbivory and subsequent recovery in Liliaceae

Lapointe, Line; Bussières, Julie; Crête, Michel; Ouellet, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.3732/ajb.0900200

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…For example, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) can consume up to 100% of flowering plants in M. racemosum populations annually (Ruhren & Handel, 2003;Kraft et al, 2004). High concentrations of storage carbohydrates are critical for herbaceous perennials to survive such repeated herbivory episodes (Lapointe et al, 2010). Lastly, clonal reproduction, which is linked to bud number, is probably important in maintaining population growth in many forest herb species (Honnay et al, 2005), which exhibit slow growth and low germination rates (Bierzychudek, 1982;Whigham, 2004;Jolls & Whigham, 2014).…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb

2015

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SummaryInvasive plants impose novel selection pressures on na€ ıve mutualistic interactions between native plants and their partners. As most plants critically rely on root fungal symbionts (RFSs) for soil resources, invaders that disrupt plant-RFS mutualisms can significantly depress native plant fitness. Here, we investigate the consequences of RFS mutualism disruption on native plant fitness in a glasshouse experiment with a forest invader that produces known antifungal allelochemicals.Over 5 months, we regularly applied either green leaves of the allelopathic invader Alliaria petiolata, a nonsystemic fungicide to simulate A. petiolata's effects, or green leaves of nonallelopathic Hesperis matronalis (control) to pots containing the native Maianthemum racemosum and its RFSs. We repeatedly measured M. racemosum physiology and harvested plants periodically to assess carbon allocation.Alliaria petiolata and fungicide treatment effects were indistinguishable: we observed inhibition of the RFS soil hyphal network and significant reductions in M. racemosum physiology (photosynthesis, transpiration and conductance) and allocation (carbon storage, root biomass and asexual reproduction) in both treatments relative to the control.Our findings suggest a general mechanistic hypothesis for local extinction of native species in ecosystems challenged by allelopathic invaders: RFS mutualism disruption drives carbon stress, subsequent declines in native plant vigor, and, if chronic, declines in RFS-dependent species abundance.

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Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb

2015

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“…Herbivory is a fundamental driver of grassland plant community composition. Nearly all grasslands worldwide have been grazed by populations of wild and domestic herbivores, such as cattle [2], horses [3], sheep [4], deer [5], rabbits [6], and kangaroos [7]. Herbivore grazing is a multiple-component process that includes wounding, defoliation, and saliva deposition [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Common and Distinct Mechanisms for Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis) Responses to Defoliation Compared to Mechanical Wounding

et al. 2014

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BackgroundHerbivore grazing is a multiple-component process that includes wounding, defoliation, and saliva deposition. Despite the extensive published research on mechanical wounding and defoliation, no analysis to identify the genes that specify defoliation and mechanical wounding has been performed. Moreover, the influence of the expression of these genes on plant regrowth after defoliation remains poorly understood.ResultsSeven cDNA libraries for RNA samples collected from stubble tissues that had been mechanically wounded or defoliated at 2, 6 and 24 h along with the control were sequenced using the Illumina/Solexa platform. A comparative transcriptomic analysis of the sequencing data was conducted. In total, 1,836 and 3,238 genes were detected with significant differential expression levels after wounding and defoliation, respectively, during one day. GO, KOG and pathway-based enrichment analyses were performed to determine and further understand the biological functions of those differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The results demonstrated that both wounding and defoliation activated the systemic synthesis of jasmonate (JA). However, defoliation specifically reduced the expression levels of ribosomal protein genes, cell division or cell expansion-related genes, and lignin biosynthesis genes and may have negatively affected plant growth. Further analysis revealed that the regrowth of elongating leaves was significantly retarded after defoliation at 6 h through the following 7 days of measurement, suggesting that the gene expression pattern and phenotype are consistent. Fifteen genes were selected, and their expression levels were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Thirteen of them exhibited expression patterns consistent with the digital gene expression (DGE) data.ConclusionsThese sequencing datasets allowed us to elucidate the common and distinct mechanisms of plant responses to defoliation and wounding. Additionally, the distinct DEGs represent a valuable resource for novel gene discovery that may improve plant resistance to defoliation from various processes.

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“…Over time, this can lead to communities composed of species that are more tolerant, or less palatable, to herbivores (D´ıaz et al 2001;Gillham 1955;McInnes et al 1992). For example, Clintonia borealis and Streptopus lanceolatus have been shown to be particularly vulnerable to mammalian herbivory (Balgooyen and Waller 1995; Kraft et al 2004;Lapointe et al 2010), which suggests why these species may be lacking on GDI, though frequently encountered in plots on LDI. Peterson et al 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of the flora and soils of Great Duck and Little Duck Islands, Maine, USA

Negoita

Dickinson²,

Mittelhauser³

et al. 2016

Rhodora

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ABSTRACT. Strong environmental gradients and varied land-use practices have generated a mosaic of habitats harboring distinct plant communities on islands on the coast of Maine. Botanical studies of Maine's islands, however, are generally limited in number and scope. Baseline studies of Maine's islands are necessary for assessing vegetation dynamics and changes in habitat conditions in relation to environmental impacts imposed by climate change, rising sea levels, invasive species, pests and pathogens, introduced herbivores, and human disturbance. We conducted a survey of the vascular plants and soils of forest, field, and ocean-side communities of Great Duck and Little Duck Islands, ME. These islands differ in environmental and land-use features, and in particular the presence of mammalian herbivores; Great Duck Island has had over a century of continuous mammalian herbivory while Little Duck Island has been largely free of mammalian herbivores over the last 100 years. We recorded 235 vascular plant species in 61 families on the Duck Islands, 106 of which were common to both islands. The composition, abundances, and diversity of plant species substantially differed within similar plant communities between the islands. These differences were particularly evident in the forest communities where Little Duck Island had significantly greater sapling regeneration and a more recent peak in tree recruitment. Soil properties also significantly differed between these islands, with a higher pH in all three communities and higher P, Ca, and K in field, forest, and ocean-side communities, respectively, on Little Duck Island, and higher soluble salts in forest and ocean-side communities of Great Duck Island. Together, our findings suggest that soil characteristics and the dominance and regeneration of 46 vascular plant species can differ substantially even between adjacent islands with otherwise similar geologic characteristics and glacial history, and that mammalian herbivory along with other ecological factors may be important drivers of these differences.Key Words: coastal ecology, insular ecology, baseline survey, mammalian herbivory, Gulf of Maine, vascular plants, edaphic featuresThe coastline of northeastern North America includes a mosaic of islands with varied topography, climate, bedrock and surface geology, and with complex postglacial and post-settlement histories (McMaster 2005;Turcotte and Butler 2006). The strong environmental gradients, along with historical factors, have produced varied habitats harboring a wide range of species and vegetation types on islands of the region (Clayden et al. 2010;Greene et al. 2005). The state of Maine, located at the intersection of temperate and boreal bioclimatic zones in northeastern North America, is home to 2103 vascular plant taxa (Campbell et al. 1995) and 104 natural plant communities (Gawler and Cutko 2010). Although more than 3000 islands hug the coastline of Maine, botanical studies of the state's islands are limited in number and scope, with the vast majority foc...

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Impact of growth form and carbohydrate reserves on tolerance to simulated deer herbivory and subsequent recovery in Liliaceae

Cited by 16 publications

References 45 publications

Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb

Invader disruption of belowground plant mutualisms reduces carbon acquisition and alters allocation patterns in a native forest herb

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Common and Distinct Mechanisms for Sheepgrass (Leymus chinensis) Responses to Defoliation Compared to Mechanical Wounding

A comparative study of the flora and soils of Great Duck and Little Duck Islands, Maine, USA

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