Impact of grinding media on high-energy ball milling-driven amorphization in multiparticulate As4S4/ZnS/Fe3O4 nanocomposites

Simple Construction of Amorphous Monometallic Cobalt‐Based Selenite Nanoparticles using Ball Milling for Highly Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction

“…The above chains are interconnected, forming infinite zig‐zag layers and the isolated SeO 3 trigonal pyramids connect these layers to construct its 3D open‐framework structure along the b ‐axis. Compared with the crystalline C 4 S sample, obviously, most diffraction peaks of C 4 S‐6 h disappeared, besides, the intensity of the residual diffraction peaks was significantly lower after six hours mechanical ball milling, furthermore, the structure completely transformed into an amorphous structure after another six hours, which should be attributed to the formation of disordered structure induced by ball milling, which could produce more active sites to enhance the OER performance [28] . From SEM images (Figure S2a–b), the particle size of C 4 S‐12 h were obviously smaller than that of the pristine cobalt selenite, C 4 S, the average particle size was reduced to about 250 nm as shown in the particle size distribution image (Figure S2c), after 12 h of ball milling, facilitating the exposure of active sites.…”

Nanomilling-driven volumetric changes in multiparticulate As4S4-bearing nanocomposites recognized with a help of annihilating positrons

“…In the XRPD patterns of all As 4 S 4 -bearing nanocomposites, the nc-β-As 4 S 4 phase was revealed due to broadened reflections from ( 111), ( 222) and ( 221) planes (Porter et al 1972;Bonazzi and Bindi 2008). In nanocomposites prepared under current nanomilling conditions (see Shpotyuk et al 2020c), the apparent crystallite size of coherently diffracting domain for this monoclinic phase calculated from broadening of the most pronounced d(111) = 5.745 Å line was close to D ~ 20-23 nm, while maximum strain ε was estimated to be around ~ 0.010-0.005 (see Table 1).…”

“…More details on technological preparation route for these multiparticulate nanocomposites can be found elsewhere (see, e.g., Shpotyuk et al 2020c). This mechanochemical technology was used to obtain parent triparticulate 1⋅As 4 S 4 /4⋅ZnS/1⋅Fe 3 O 4 nanocomposite referred hereafter as AZF-141 (in respect to the first letters in the chemical formula and number of the respective molecules), and its compositionally equivalent As 4 S 4 -bearing derivatives, these being biparticulate AF-11 (1⋅As 4 S 4 /1⋅Fe 3 O 4 ) and AZ-14 (1⋅As 4 S 4 /4⋅ZnS) ones addressed in Shpotyuk et al (2017a, b), and recently studied monoparticulate A-1 (As 4 S 4 ) nanocomposite addressed in Baláž et al (2017) and Shpotyuk et al (2018aShpotyuk et al ( , 2019a.…”

“…Crystallographic specificity of the prepared nanocomposites was identified by the X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) method in transmission mode employing STOE STADI P diffractometer (STOE & Cie GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany) with a linear position-sensitive detector (Cu-Kα 1 radiation), as was described in more details elsewhere (Baláž et al 2017;Shpotyuk et al 2017aShpotyuk et al , 2018aShpotyuk et al , 2020c. The microstructure of the crystallites (average apparent crystallite size D and average maximum strain ε) of arsenic monosulfide β-As 4 S 4 (JCPDS card No.…”

“…The objective of current research is to identify subnm volumetric nanostructuralization effects in multiparticulate As 4 S 4 -bearing nanocomposites within quasiternary As 4 S 4 -ZnS-Fe 3 O 4 system in transitions between different hierarchical derivatives originated from parent anti-cancer-f luorescent-magnetic nanocomposite (1⋅As 4 S 4 /4⋅ZnS/1⋅Fe 3 O 4 ) prepared by nanomilling (Lukáčová Bujňáková et al 2020;Shpotyuk et al 2020c), employing positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) spectroscopy developed within the Positronics approach, serving as advanced instrumentation tool probing space-time continuum correlations for electrons annihilating with their anti-particles (the positrons) in nanostructuralized substance at extremely low sub-nm level, far below measuring possibilities available for conventional microstructural probes (Shpotyuk et al 2015b;2022).…”