Impact of Green Stormwater Infrastructure Age and Type on Water Quality

Abstract

Green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) has become increasingly common to mitigate urban stormwater runoff. However, there is limited research on the impact of age and type of GSI. This study evaluated nutrient and metals concentrations in the soil water of five different GSI systems located at the University of Portland in Portland, Oregon. The GSI systems included a bioretention curb extension (part of Portland’s Green Street project), a bioretention basin, a bioretention planter, an infiltration basin, and a bioswale ranging in age from 2 to 11 years. Samples were taken from each system during rain events over a 10-month period and analyzed for copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), phosphate (PO43−), and total phosphorus (TP). Copper and zinc concentrations were found to be impacted by GSI age, with lower concentrations in older systems. The same trend was not found with PO43− and TP, where almost all GSI systems had soil water concentrations much higher than average stormwater concentrations. Age likely played a role in phosphorus soil water concentrations, but other factors such as sources had a stronger influence. Phosphorus is likely coming from the compost in the soil mix in addition to other sources in runoff. This study shows that GSI systems can be effective for copper and zinc, but changes to the soil mix design are needed to reduce high levels of PO43− and TP in soil water.

Scientific Evidence behind the Ecosystem Services Provided by Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems

“…These systems can be effective for removing mercury, polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs), dioxins, heavy metals, suspended solids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [94], motor oil [95], copper and zinc, without significant differences in performance or effluent concentration with time [96]. However, sometimes, levels of nitrate and orthophosphate increase in outflow [97], so changes in soil mix design are needed to reduce high levels of orthophosphates [98].…”

“…Csb. These systems can be effective for reducing copper and zinc, but changes to the soil mix are needed to reduce high levels of phosphorus in the effluent [98].…”