Impact of fuel/oxidizer ratio of NaN3 and KNO3 airbag gas generants on toxic emission and performance

Lathika, Aravind Surendran; Paramashivan, Sivapirakasam Suthangathan; Ramasamy, Balasubramanian Karuppudaiyar; Surianarayanan, M.

doi:10.1016/j.psep.2019.11.015

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In the context of personal protection, they have to meet severe requirements including good performances, moderate temperature (< 300 °C) [9,10], nontoxicity of gaseous species, reliability [11], safety when handling and during storage, and low energy ignitions. Gas-generating mixtures developed for automobile airbag inflation are mostly based on a propellant, such as sodium azide (NaN 3 ) and potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) that thermally decomposes into gases and residues when they are ignited and they have been used for a long time [12]. A series of chemical reactions produce N2 to fill the airbag and convert metallic azide which is highly toxic [13] even after reaction due to incomplete combustion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New coordination complexes-based gas-generating energetic composites

Sevely

Julien

et al. 2020

Combustion and Flame

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To reduce the size inconvenience of airbag systems employed in human-body protection devices while maintaining comparable gas generation performance, a new family of gas-generating energetic composites are proposed mixing Al/CuO nanothermite with copper complex (Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2) known for its propensity to generate gases (0.03 mol/g) such as N 2 , O 2 , N 2 O through exothermic chemical decomposition (300 J/g). The aluminum (Al)/Copper oxide (CuO) couple, known as the most widely studied nanomaterial for thermite reactions, releasing a high energy, mostly heat, through chemical reaction, is employed as a source of heat to trigger and sustain the decomposition of Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2 complex. This work permits developing a new family of gasgenerating energetic composites that takes advantage of specific chemical and thermal properties of both materials. We demonstrate its capability to tune the pressurization rate, burn rate and pressure peak by varying the Al/CuO over Cu(NH3)(NO2)2 mass ratio. The peak pressure of Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2/Al/CuO energetic composites reaches 12 MPa/g.cm 3 in a close volume, which is 3.3

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New coordination complexes-based gas-generating energetic composites

Sevely

Julien

et al. 2020

Combustion and Flame

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“…Respiratory diseases and cardiac arrest cases due to car accidents and NaN3 inhalation were reported 4 . To improve the material decomposition, a solid mixture with a suitable oxidizer was proposed 1 . These studies focused on the immediate consequence of partial decomposition of the material, neglecting the possible inhalation of metal particles generated even in the case of complete decomposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sodium azide, NaN3, is probably the most common azide compound. It is used in airbags 1,2 , for organic and inorganic synthesis, and it is a strong antibacterial preservative for biochemical solutions. It is also highly toxic, comparable to cyanides 3,4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airborne metal nanoparticles released by azides detonation: determination and potential public exposure

Testino,

Cen,

Ludwig

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Metal azides are highly energetic materials that release a large amount of gas upon detonation. They also release metal particles, generating an aerosol. The most common azide is sodium azide (NaN3), which is used nowadays in car airbags. If the decomposition is not complete, harmful azide particles might be inhaled. Heavy metal azides find application as a primary explosive (primer) in ammunition. Public health officials have raised concerns about heavy metal particles released during training in shooting ranges. We identify a lack of knowledge on airborne metal particles properties released from azide detonation and on the analytical methods applied to characterize them. As a case study, we detonate milligram amount of silver azide, copper azide, and a mixture of them in a glove box. We then analyze the airborne particles with a hyphenated analytical setup, able to measure real-time their particle size distribution and chemical composition. We detect spherical metal nanoparticles in the range of 2-500 nm. These findings and the developed analytical tools may allow identifying airborne nanoparticles in car passengers compartment after airbag activation as well as in indoor shooting ranges, contributing to the evaluation of public health risks.

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Airborne metal nanoparticles released by azides detonation: determination and potential public exposure

Cen,

Zhang,

Torrent

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Metal azides are highly energetic materials that release a large amount of gas upon detonation. They also release metal particles, generating an aerosol. The most common azide is sodium azide (NaN 3 ), which is used nowadays in car airbags. If the decomposition is not complete, harmful azide particles might be inhaled. Heavy metal azides find application as a primary explosive (primer) in ammunition. Public health officials have raised concerns about heavy metal particles released during training in shooting ranges. We identify a lack of knowledge on airborne metal particles properties released from azide detonation and on the analytical methods applied to characterize them. As a case study, we detonated milligram amounts of silver azide, copper azide, and a mixture of them in a glove box. We then analyse the airborne particles with an ensemble analytical setup, able to measure real-time their particle size distribution and chemical composition. We detected spherical metal nanoparticles in the range of 2–500 nm. These findings and the developed analytical tools may allow identifying airborne nanoparticles the passenger compartments of vehicles after airbag activation as well as in indoor shooting ranges, contributing to the evaluation of public health risks.

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Impact of fuel/oxidizer ratio of NaN3 and KNO3 airbag gas generants on toxic emission and performance

Cited by 4 publications

References 23 publications

New coordination complexes-based gas-generating energetic composites

New coordination complexes-based gas-generating energetic composites

Airborne metal nanoparticles released by azides detonation: determination and potential public exposure

Airborne metal nanoparticles released by azides detonation: determination and potential public exposure

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