Impact of Foods and Dietary Supplements Containing Hydroxycinnamic Acids on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: A Systematic Review to Explore Inter-Individual Variability

Abstract

Plant-based diets rich in bioactive compounds such as polyphenols have been shown to positively modulate the risk of cardiometabolic (CM) diseases. The inter-individual variability in the response to these bioactives may affect the findings. This systematic review aimed to summarize findings from existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) evaluating the effect of hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) on markers of CM health in humans. Literature searches were performed in PubMed and the Web of Science. RCTs on acute and chronic supplementation of HCA-rich foods/extracts on CM biomarkers were included. Forty-four RCTs (21 acute and 23 chronic) met inclusion criteria. Comparisons were made between RCTs, including assessments based on population health status. Of the 44 RCTs, only seven performed analyses on a factor exploring inter-individual response to HCA consumption. Results demonstrated that health status is a potentially important effect modifier as RCTs with higher baseline cholesterol, blood pressure and glycaemia demonstrated greater overall effectiveness, which was also found in studies where specific subgroup analyses were performed. Thus, the effect of HCAs on CM risk factors may be greater in individuals at higher CM risk, although future studies in these populations are needed, including those on other potential determinants of inter-individual variability. PROSPERO, registration number CRD42016050790.

Green/Roasted Coffee May Reduce Cardiovascular Risk in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects by Decreasing Body Weight, Abdominal Adiposity and Blood Pressure

“…In contrast, WC and WC/ratios tended to decrease (not reaching statistical significance) only in the hypercholesterolemics. Thus, the present study supports that hydroxycinnamic acid-rich foods have greater effectiveness in subjects with higher cardiovascular risk [22]. The regular intake of the coffee blend here studied, which provided 445 mg of CGA/day, lowered WC by 1.2 cm in the hypercolesterolemics (contrary to the normocholesterolemics, with a WC increase of 0.5 cm), a reduction that is higher to that described by Watanabe et al [6] in overweight men and women (0.7 cm) after consuming an instant coffee containing high amounts of CGA (369 mg CGA/serving/day) for 12 weeks, versus the control coffee (35 mg CGA/serving/day).…”

A Review of Registered Clinical Trials on Dietary (Poly)Phenols: Past Efforts and Possible Future Directions

“…In view of the complexity of polyphenol pharmacokinetics and the increasing knowledge of the inter-individual variability in terms of absorption, distribution and metabolism affecting human responses to polyphenol intake [38][39][40], further studies are needed to better explore this variability and how this influences the impact of polyphenols on markers of human health [18,[41][42][43]. These should also address the metabolic activities of microbiota.…”

Inter‐Individual Variation in Cancer and Cardiometabolic Health Outcomes in Response to Coffee Consumption: A Critical Review

“…[ 79–81 ] A recent review on the inter‐individual variability of chlorogenic acids in cardiometabolic biomarkers evaluated seven studies addressing this topic, however, they also included studies with a dietary source other than coffee, for example, artichokes. [ 106 ] Chlorogenic acids exert favorable effects on human health, as they show anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anti‐carcinogenic, anti‐diabetic, and anti‐atherogenic properties. [ 107 ] Because of the large inter‐individual variation in the bioavailability of chlorogenic acids, this is an area of increasing interest.…”