Impact of FMD outbreak on milk production and heifers’ growth on a dairy herd in southern Iran

Ansari-Lari, Maryam; Mohebbi‐Fani, Mehdi; Lyons, Nicholas A.; Azizi, Nezamaddin

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.05.022

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

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“…However, in our study, when average milk yields were compared before (-6 to 0 dpc) and after (1–6 dpc) infection, no significant decrease was observed, even in cow 108 with secondary mastitis, although the maximum decrease observed on any one day was 50.47% for animal 867. This is comparable to previous experimental studies that demonstrated a maximum reduction of 62.1% on 10 dpc ( Reid et al, 2006 ), and during an outbreak of FMDV in Iran, a total reduction of 8.0% and 4.7% in mean milk production for first and second lactation cows, respectively ( Ansari-Lari et al, 2017 ). These published studies and our study support data reported by Lyons et al ( Lyons et al, 2015a ) who observed that although there was a decrease in milk production at the herd level, clinical FMD was shown to be a poor predictor of milk yield, and that no statistical evidence was found to indicate a significant decrease in milk yield between FMD clinical animals and non-clinical cases when lactation curves were modelled.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance

Armson

Mioulet

Doel

et al. 2018

Veterinary Microbiology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance

Armson

Mioulet

Doel

et al. 2018

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…6,7 Those findings were corroborated via scanning electron microscopy in a later similarly designed study by the same group. 8 There also seems to be a difference in the amount of virus in the milk, dependent on virulence, infection dose, or virus strain, as was shown in other studies, 3,11,22 2 in which there was an unusually low impact on milk production.…”

mentioning

confidence: 60%

“… 10 , 26 Although outbreaks of FMD usually cause relatively low mortality, morbidity, in contrast, is quite high because of the ease of direct or indirect transmission. 2 , 17 , 18 Large amounts of virus are produced in the typical vesicular lesions of non-haired skin (e.g., interdigital clefts, coronary bands) and mucous membranes of the oral cavity. 26 The interaction of FMDV capsid proteins with at least 4 epithelial integrins (αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, αvβ8) plays an important role in cellular invasion of the virus, explaining its epithelial tropism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that the virus isolate in our experiment (A/IRN/22/2015, lineage A/ASIA/G-VII) has reduced tropism for or restricted replication in mammary gland tissue. It is unknown whether the virus was of the same lineage in a retrospective study of an FMDV serotype A outbreak in a dairy farm in Iran during 2014, 2 in which there was an unusually low impact on milk production.…”

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confidence: 99%

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After nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis

et al. 2021

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious aphthoviral infection of cloven-hoofed animals, inducing vesiculopustular stomatitis, pododermatitis, and thelitis. Vesicular fluid represents a major pathway of virus excretion, but bovine milk is another important source of virus shedding. We describe here the time course of FMD virus (FMDV) excretion in the milk and characterize associated lesions in the mammary gland. Three dairy cows were infected by nasopharyngeal instillation of FMDV and monitored over 12 d. Autopsy was performed at the end of the study, and specimens were collected for histopathology, IHC, and RT-qPCR. All 3 cows developed fever, drooling, vesiculopustular stomatitis, interdigital dermatitis, and thelitis. FMDV RNA was detectable in whole milk until the end of the trial, but only transiently in saliva, nasal secretions, and blood serum. Although histology confirmed vesiculopustular lesions in the oral and epidermal specimens, the mammary glands did not have unequivocal evidence of FMDV-induced inflammation. FMDV antigen was detectable in skin and oral mucosa, but not in the mammary gland, and FMDV RNA was detectable in 9 of 29 samples of squamous epithelia but only in 1 of 12 samples of mammary gland.

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“…Previous studies from Kenya have demonstrated that FMD was associated with an increase in the age of first calving, reduced conception rates (19), and increased culling several months after an outbreak occurs (29). Another study from Iran demonstrated reduced growth rates in dairy heifers (30) that can be associated with reduced lifetime productivity (31). Longerterm economic impacts of FMD at the farm level have received relatively little attention compared to short-term losses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Considerations for Advancement Through the Progressive Control Pathway: Cost–Benefit Analysis of an FMD Disease-Free Zone in Punjab Province, Pakistan

Lyons

Afzal²,

Toirov³

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a priority disease of livestock in Pakistan, which was classified in stage 2 of the Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) in 2015, aiming to reduce disease impact. Further progression requires efforts to reduce viral circulation that may ultimately result in being awarded official disease-free status by the World Organisation for Animal Health [Office International des Epizooties (OIE)]. Typically, FMD control is reliant on the extensive use of vaccines, requiring careful consideration of the costs and benefits to ensure investment is likely to provide a positive return. This study conducted a cost–benefit analysis (CBA) for a proposed zone within Punjab Province, Pakistan. Benefits were assumed to come from averted production losses and treatment costs and the costs based on typical measures required for establishing a disease-free zone. To estimate the impact of FMD at the farm level, models were created to estimate effects on milk production, offtakes, and changes in herd value over a 5-year period with different parameters used to represent the production systems present. Control strategy costs incorporated aspects of vaccination, surveillance, sanitary measures, program management, stakeholder engagement, preparatory studies, training, and capacity building. The results indicated a median benefit–cost ratio of 1.03 (90% central range 0.37, 1.63) with a median net present value of 1.99 billion Pakistan Rupees (90% central range −37.7, 37.0). The greatest cost was due to vaccination at 56%, followed by sanitary measures (including implementing and maintaining an animal ID system and quarantine stations around the zone) at 41%. Although the median benefit–cost ratio and net present value indicated that investment is likely to generate a positive return, the large variation indicates caution in interpreting the results and it is possible that an increase in animal value through new export markets will be required. Further refinement in our knowledge of disease impact and the details of the control strategy are needed. Moreover, there are implications regarding vaccine security, since the strategy is reliant on the steady provision of quality vaccines in order to achieve the anticipated benefits, raising important issues on vaccine availability for countries to maintain lucrative export markets for FMD.

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Impact of FMD outbreak on milk production and heifers’ growth on a dairy herd in southern Iran

Cited by 11 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance

Detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus in milk samples by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Optimisation and evaluation of a high-throughput screening method with potential for disease surveillance

After nasopharyngeal infection, foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A RNA is shed in bovine milk without associated mastitis

Economic Considerations for Advancement Through the Progressive Control Pathway: Cost–Benefit Analysis of an FMD Disease-Free Zone in Punjab Province, Pakistan

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