Impact of Fermented Corn–Soybean Meal on Gene Expression of Immunity in the Blood, Level of Secretory Immunoglobulin A, and Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Community in the Intestine of Grower–Finisher Pigs

Abstract

This study was conducted to determine the effect of a fermented corn-soybean meal [fermented feed (FF)] on the gene expression of immunity in the blood, the level of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and mucosa-associated bacterial community in the duodenum and colon of grower-finisher pigs. In this study, crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Large White) were randomly assigned to either an unfermented corn-soybean diet (Ctrl) (n = 6) or an FF diet (n = 6), and then the following were examined: the expression of immunity using real-time reverse transcription polymerasechain reaction in the blood, sIgA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and changes in the bacterial community using Illumina Hiseq sequencing in the mucosa of the duodenum and colon. Compared with control pigs fed with a standard diet, the results showed that FF caused upregulation of the mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), TLR4, TLR6, and TLR8 in the blood (P < 0.05). Moreover, sequencing of 16S rRNA genes in duodenal mucosa samples indicated that the FF diet had a lower proportion of Tenericutes (P < 0.05) in the duodenal mucosa-associated microbiota, and FF significantly increased the percentage of Rikenellaceae and Christensenellaceae but decreased the abundance of Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05) in the colonic mucosaassociated microbiota. The ELISA results showed that FF significantly increased the concentration of sIgA in the colonic mucosa (P < 0.05). More importantly, our correlation analysis indicated that the gene expression of immunity in the blood and the concentration of sIgA was associated with colonic mucosa-associated microbiota. Our data provide new knowledge into the adaptation response of the intestine to fermented feeding in monogastric animals.

Lactoferrin modulates gut microbiota and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in mice with dysbiosis induced by antibiotics

“…In line with this finding, a similar study observed that TLR3 and TLR8 were positively associated with the proportion of Rikenellaceae. 76 Little is known about the correlation between the different TLRs. Bösl et al investigated the coactivation of TLR2 and TLR8 in human primary monocytes and they found that TLR2 signal induced an inhibitory loop that reduced TLR8 signal intensity.…”

Immunoregulation of bovine lactoferrin together with osteopontin promotes immune system development and maturation

“…Lastly, the Lefse result of gut microbiota showed that Rikenellaceae , Muribaculum , Faecalibaculum , and Elisenbergiella in the LOP group had a significant difference compared with the other groups. Previous studies have found that Faecalicaculum, 63 Rikenellaceae , 64 Muribaculum , 65 Elisenbergiella 66 have a relationship with immunity. Hence, we speculate that LOP promote immune system maturation via increasing the abundance of Rikenellaceae , Muribaculum , Faecalibaculum , and Elisenbergiella.…”

Fermented Corn–Soybean Meal Improved Growth Performance and Reduced Diarrhea Incidence by Modulating Intestinal Barrier Function and Gut Microbiota in Weaned Piglets

“…However, these studies have not investigated the effects of fermented soybean meal on intestinal tight junctions and intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets. Additionally, although previous studies have demonstrated that fermented corn-soybean meal feed increases serum immunity, regulates mRNA abundance of antimicrobial peptides and Toll-like receptors and regulates gut microbiota in growerfinisher pigs [16,17], the effects of FMF in weaned piglets need further exploration. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of fermented corn-soybean meal mixed feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in weaned piglets.…”

“…However, these studies have not investigated the effects of fermented soybean meal on intestinal tight junctions and intestinal inflammation in weaned piglets. Additionally, although previous studies have demonstrated that fermented corn–soybean meal feed increases serum immunity, regulates mRNA abundance of antimicrobial peptides and Toll-like receptors and regulates gut microbiota in grower-finisher pigs [ 16 , 17 ], the effects of FMF in weaned piglets need further exploration.…”