Impact of family history of cancer on risk and mortality of second cancers in patients with prostate cancer

Chattopadhyay, Subhayan; Hemminki, Otto; Försti, Asta; Sundquist, Kristina; Sundquist, Jan; Hemminki, Kari

doi:10.1038/s41391-018-0089-y

Cited by 13 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The high correlations suggest that skin cancer does not influence the formation of SPCs and thus SPCs appear to be autonomous from skin cancer which seems to resemble SPCs after prostate cancer. 4,6 The higher correlations after in situ than invasive SCC may be rationalized by in situ being a precursor stage of shorter life-span and size than invasive lesions. 8 If ranking was identical for FPC and SPC the correlation would be 1.00.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, our recent studies on SPC after prostate cancer suggested that SPCs were "autonomous" from prostate cancer because the frequencies of SPC correlated with the frequencies of these cancers as FPC and the risk of SPC was increased by the familial history of that cancer, irrespective of prostate cancer. 4,6 Moreover, the RRs for SPCs were equal in screening detected and other prostate cancer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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<p>Incidence Differences Between First Primary Cancers and Second Primary Cancers Following Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma as Etiological Clues</p>

Zheng¹,

Sundquist²,

Sundquist³

et al. 2020

CLEP

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Background: Most literature on second primary cancers (SPCs) focuses on possible factors, which may increase the risk of these cancers, and little attention has been paid for the overall incidence differences between first primary cancers (FPCs) and same SPCs. We wanted to compare the incidence rates for all common cancers when these were diagnosed as FPCs and SPCs after invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin, which are usually treated by surgery only. Methods: Cancers were identified from the Swedish Cancer Registry from the years 1990 through to 2015, and they included, in addition to skin cancers, 20 male cancers totaling 484,850 patients and 22 female cancers totaling 452,909 patients. Standardized incidence rates and relative risks (RRs) were calculated for sex-specific common cancers as FPC and as SPC after skin SCC. Spearman rank correlations were used in the analysis of incidence ranking of FPC and SPC. Results: Of total, 29,061 men and 23,533 women developed invasive SCC and 27,842 men and 36,383 women in situ SCC. The total number of 20 other male cancers was 484,850 and of 22 female cancers it was 452,909. Rank correlations ranged from 0.90 to 0.96 (P~5×10 −6), indicating that overall skin SCC did not interfere with SPC formation. The exceptions were increased SPC risks for melanoma, sharing risk factors with skin SCC, and non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphoma, and cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, connective tissue, and male and female genitals suggesting contribution by skin cancer initiated immune dysfunction. Conclusion: The incidence ranking of SPCs after skin cancers largely follows the incidence ranking of FPCs indicating that overall skin SCC does not greatly interfere with the intrinsic carcinogenic process. The main deviations in incidence between FPC and SPC appeared to be due to shared risk factors or immunological processes promoting immune responsive cancer types.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

<p>Incidence Differences Between First Primary Cancers and Second Primary Cancers Following Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma as Etiological Clues</p>

Zheng¹,

Sundquist²,

Sundquist³

et al. 2020

CLEP

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“…We also hypothesized that family history of cancer X increases the risk for cancer X to be an SPC, as has been observed for some other cancers. [17][18][19][20][21] We additionally tested if family history of skin cancer increases risk of second SCC after nonskin cancer. Some recent results on prostate, breast and ovarian cancers suggest that the cause of death in patients with SPC is often the SPC; 18,19,22 therefore, we assessed survival in patients with SCC who were diagnosed with SPC and whether survival is influenced by family history of SPC.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of family history on risk of second primary cancers and survival in patients with squamous cell skin cancer

et al. 2020

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Summary Background Patients with squamous cell skin cancer (SCC) have an excellent prognosis but second primary cancers (SPCs) weaken survival prospects. Family history is a known risk factor for cancer but whether it is a risk factor for SPC in patients with SCC is not known. Objectives To quantify the risk of family history on SPCs in patients with SCC and estimate survival probabilities of patients with SPCs depending on family history. Methods With 13 945 histologically verified SCCs, relative risks (RRs) were estimated for family history using a generalized regression model. For survival analysis, hazard ratios (HRs) were assessed using a multivariable Cox proportional‐hazards model. Results Family history of invasive SCC increased risk of second invasive SCC [RR = 42·92, 95% confidence interval (CI) 33·69–50·32] compared with risk without family history (RR 19·12, 95% CI 17·88–21·08). Family history of any nonskin cancer in invasive SCC increased risk of the same cancers to be diagnosed as SPC (RRFH = 1·48, 95% CI 1·35–1·61 vs. RRno FH = 1·40, 95% CI 1·32–1·48); significant increases were observed for seven different nonskin cancers. Most results were replicated for in situ SCC. SPC was deleterious for survival irrespective of family history; HR for patients with SPC was 4·28 (95% CI 3·83–4·72) vs. those without SPC (1·04). Conclusions Family history of nonskin cancer was associated with approximately a doubling of risk for SPCs in patients with SCC. SPC increases the death rate in patients with SCC 3–4 times, irrespective of family history. Taking family history into account at SCC diagnosis may help prevention or early detection of SPCs. What's already known about this topic? Second primary cancers (SPCs) are frequently diagnosed in patients with invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); some epidemiological studies suggest a link to immune dysfunction. Family history of cancer is a risk factor for practically all first primary cancers but whether it also influences risk of SPCs in patients with SCC is not known. The possible influence of family history on survival in patients with SCC remains to be established. Linked Comment: Youlden and Baade. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:414–415.

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“…Our study also has limitations. First, data regarding several important risk factors relevant to SPCs, such as smoking status [34,35] , family history of malignancies [36], and body weight [37], were not available from the SEER database, and thus could not be controlled when predicting the individual risk of developing SPCs. As our study cohorts were retrospectively collected within a long period, it is likely the risk of SPC was influenced by the secular trends of anticancer therapies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-long follow-up of second primary lung and extra-pulmonary cancer in lung cancer patients is needed

Ma¹,

Qin²,

Zhang³

et al. 2020

J. Cancer

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Background: Lung cancer (LC) patients are at high risk of developing second primary cancer (SPC). This study aimed to explore the risk factors associated with SPC and provide an individualized risk prediction model for LC patients. Methods: Initial primary lung cancer (IPLC) patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2011 were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A Fine-Gray multivariate competing-risk model was used to estimate the risk of SPC, and the model was assessed regarding discrimination and calibration. A nomogram was designed for clinical convenience to predict the 3-, 5-, and 10-year probabilities of developing SPCs. Results: A total of 142,491 IPLC patients were considered in this study and 14,374(10.01%) developed SPC within a maximum study period of approximately 19 years. Seven independent prognostic factors were identified according to the competing-risk model, and the SEER summary stage and surgery were the strongest predictors. The model was well calibrated and had good discrimination ability(C-index = 0.746). Conclusions: LC survivors had an increased risk of SPC and factors associated with good prognosis often predicted SPC. Consideration should be given to increasing the duration of routine follow-up even after 10 years of initial diagnosis for those at the highest risk and site-specific follow-up strategy is also required.

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Impact of family history of cancer on risk and mortality of second cancers in patients with prostate cancer

Cited by 13 publications

References 32 publications

<p>Incidence Differences Between First Primary Cancers and Second Primary Cancers Following Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma as Etiological Clues</p>

<p>Incidence Differences Between First Primary Cancers and Second Primary Cancers Following Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma as Etiological Clues</p>

Influence of family history on risk of second primary cancers and survival in patients with squamous cell skin cancer

Life-long follow-up of second primary lung and extra-pulmonary cancer in lung cancer patients is needed

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