Impact of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profile

Costa, Ricardo J. S.; Camões-Costa, Vera; Snipe, Rhiannon M.J.; Dixon, David; Russo, Isabella; Huschtscha, Zoya

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01032.2018

Cited by 58 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The redistribution of blood flow and thermoregulatory sweating in response to exertional heat stress result in significant changes in body water and electrolyte balance (Sawka et al, 2007). Unreplaced sweat losses reduce total body water (TBW) and P v , resulting in reduced cutaneous blood flow, increased core temperature, greater cardiovascular strain (i.e., increased heart rate and reduced cardiac output), and increased risk of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome for the same exercise task (Costa et al, 2019b;Trangmar & González-Alonso, 2017). Thermoregulatory sweat also contains several solutes including Na + and Cl − , the only two electrolytes whose excretion is known to be physiologically regulated (Bovell, 2015).…”

Section: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During Exertional Heat Stress mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments

McCubbin

Allanson²,

Caldwell

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that exercise in hot and/or humid environments, or with significant clothing and/or equipment that prevents body heat loss (i.e., exertional heat stress), provides significant challenges to an athlete’s nutritional status, health, and performance. Exertional heat stress, especially when prolonged, can perturb thermoregulatory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. Heat acclimation or acclimatization provides beneficial adaptations and should be undertaken where possible. Athletes should aim to begin exercise euhydrated. Furthermore, preexercise hyperhydration may be desirable in some scenarios and can be achieved through acute sodium or glycerol loading protocols. The assessment of fluid balance during exercise, together with gastrointestinal tolerance to fluid intake, and the appropriateness of thirst responses provide valuable information to inform fluid replacement strategies that should be integrated with event fuel requirements. Such strategies should also consider fluid availability and opportunities to drink, to prevent significant under- or overconsumption during exercise. Postexercise beverage choices can be influenced by the required timeframe for return to euhydration and co-ingestion of meals and snacks. Ingested beverage temperature can influence core temperature, with cold/icy beverages of potential use before and during exertional heat stress, while use of menthol can alter thermal sensation. Practical challenges in supporting athletes in teams and traveling for competition require careful planning. Finally, specific athletic population groups have unique nutritional needs in the context of exertional heat stress (i.e., youth, endurance/ultra-endurance athletes, and para-sport athletes), and specific adjustments to nutrition strategies should be made for these population groups.

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Section: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance During Exertional Heat Stress mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments

McCubbin

Allanson²,

Caldwell

et al. 2020

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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“…Hyperhydration can also decrease performance indirectly by increasing body mass and unnecessary fluid carrying, time delays for drinking and filling fluid containers, and pauses required for urination. In addition, excess fluid intake may result in an overwhelming gastric load (i.e., increase intragastric pressure) and contribute to upper gastrointestinal symptoms (Costa et al, 2019;Leiper, 2015). Thus, avoiding hyperhydration or hypohydration is recommended for both health and performance in ultramarathon running.…”

Section: Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road

Costa

Knechtle

Tarnopolsky

et al. 2019

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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Ultramarathon running events and participation numbers have increased progressively over the past three decades. Besides the exertion of prolonged running with or without a loaded pack, such events are often associated with challenging topography, environmental conditions, acute transient lifestyle discomforts, and/or event-related health complications. These factors create a scenario for greater nutritional needs, while predisposing ultramarathon runners to multiple nutritional intake barriers. The current review aims to explore the physiological and nutritional demands of ultramarathon running and provide general guidance on nutritional requirements for ultramarathon training and competition, including aspects of race nutrition logistics. Research outcomes suggest that daily dietary carbohydrates (up to 12 g·kg−1·day−1) and multiple-transportable carbohydrate intake (∼90 g·hr−1 for running distances ≥3 hr) during exercise support endurance training adaptations and enhance real-time endurance performance. Whether these intake rates are tolerable during ultramarathon competition is questionable from a practical and gastrointestinal perspective. Dietary protocols, such as glycogen manipulation or low-carbohydrate high-fat diets, are currently popular among ultramarathon runners. Despite the latter dietary manipulation showing increased total fat oxidation rates during submaximal exercise, the role in enhancing ultramarathon running performance is currently not supported. Ultramarathon runners may develop varying degrees of both hypohydration and hyperhydration (with accompanying exercise-associated hyponatremia), dependent on event duration, and environmental conditions. To avoid these two extremes, euhydration can generally be maintained through “drinking to thirst.” A well practiced and individualized nutrition strategy is required to optimize training and competition performance in ultramarathon running events, whether they are single stage or multistage.

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“…Physical stress is associated with a high risk of intestinal mucosal integrity loss and bacterial translocation (8). However, the precise mechanisms of increased gut permeability, in this context, are still unknown (7,9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alanyl-glutamine protects the intestinal barrier function in trained rats against the impact of acute exhaustive exercise

Freitas

Silva

et al. 2020

Braz J Med Biol Res

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Strenuous exercise triggers deleterious effects on the intestinal epithelium, but their mechanisms are still uncertain. Here, we investigated whether a prolonged training and an additional exhaustive training protocol alter intestinal permeability and the putative effect of alanyl-glutamine (AG) pretreatment in this condition. Rats were allocated into 5 different groups: 1) sedentary; 2 and 3) trained (50 min per day, 5 days per week for 12 weeks) with or without 6 weeks oral (1.5 g/kg) AG supplementation; 4 and 5) trained and subjected to an additional exhaustive test protocol with or without oral AG supplementation. Venous blood samples were collected to determine gasometrical indices at the end of the 12-week protocol or after exhaustive test. Lactate and glucose levels were determined before, during, and after the exhaustive test. Ileum tissue collected after all experimental procedures was used for gene expression analysis of Zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), occludin, claudin-2, and oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT-1). Intestinal permeability was assessed by urinary lactulose/mannitol test collected after the 12-week protocol or the exhaustive test. The exhaustive test decreased pH and base excess and increased pCO 2. Training sessions delayed exhaustion time and reduced the changes in blood glucose and lactate levels. Trained rats exhibited upregulation of PEPT-1, ZO-1, and occludin mRNA, which were partially protected by AG. Exhaustive exercise induced intestinal paracellular leakage associated with the upregulation of claudin-2, a phenomenon protected by AG treatment. Thus, AG partially prevented intestinal training adaptations but also blocked paracellular leakage during exhaustive exercise involving claudin-2 and occludin gene expression.

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Impact of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profile

Cited by 58 publications

References 53 publications

Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments

Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Nutrition for Exercise in Hot Environments

Nutrition for Ultramarathon Running: Trail, Track, and Road

Alanyl-glutamine protects the intestinal barrier function in trained rats against the impact of acute exhaustive exercise

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