Impact of environmental conditions and gut microbiota on the in vitro germination and growth of Clostridioides difficile

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium responsible for a broad spectrum of intestinal symptoms and healthcare associated diarrhoea. The hypothesis of this work was that different in vitro conditions, notably pH and human faecal microbiota composition impact the germination or/and the growth of C. difficile. This study aimed to correlate growth kinetics of the bacterium with these two physiochemical parameters by using a static in vitro model. To better understand the initial gut colonization, several growth curve assays were carried out to monitor the behaviour of the spores and vegetative forms of a C. difficile strain 078 under different conditions mimicking the gut environment. When the faeces were added, no spore germination or growth was observed but C. difficile spores germinated in vitro when the pH was maintained between 6.6–6.9 regardless of four faeces donor. The evolution of microbiota studied by 16S rDNA profiling showed high proportions of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli/Shigella when C. difficile grew regardless of the inoculated faeces. This model helped us to understand that the germination and the growth of C. difficile is strongly pH dependent, and further research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of the gut microbiota composition on C. difficile.

Bacterial Contamination of the Surgical Site at the Time of Elective Caesarean Section in Belgian Blue Cows—Part 2: Identified by 16Sr DNA Amplicon Sequencing

“…Total bacterial DNA was extracted from swabs with DNeasy Blood and tissues kit (Qiagen, Belgium) using manufacturer’s protocol, modified with a bead-beating step during cell lysis [ 30 ]. Spectrophotometry (NanoDrop ND-1000, Isogen, De Meern, The Netherlands) was used for total DNA concentration evaluation.…”