Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance

Abstract

Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose–response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold‐induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.

Higher energy flux may improve short-term appetite control in adolescents with obesity: the NEXT study

“…These findings are also in line with previous studies showing decreased hunger and DTE during HEF sessions in adults with normal weight (14) . Our results could be explained by the fact that exercise has a suppressant effect on appetite that may lead to greater meal-induced satiety and better appetite regulation (6,15,39,40) . Furthermore, based on the findings of Paris et al (18) weight-reduced adults with obesity reported a decrease in subjective hunger ratings and an increase in satiety following four experimental days of HEF compared to the four days of low flux.…”

“…deficit, maintenance or surplus of energy). Thus, a high-energy flux (HEF) is determined by a high level of EI where the level of energy expenditure is also high (15) . In healthy adults, Hägele et al…”

Obesity Subtyping: The Etiology, Prevention, and Management of Acquired versus Inherited Obese Phenotypes

“…Although the etiology of acquired obesity is often contested [ 1 ], there is strong evidence dating from the mid-20th century that reductions in PA, high physical inactivity (PI), and excessive sedentary behavior (SB) are strong determinants of this phenotype in both human and non-human animals [ 1 , 12 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. To summarize briefly, first, PA is the major modifiable determinant of caloric consumption [ 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Second, when individuals reduce their PA, their consumption declines more slowly than their caloric expenditure [ 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 ].…”

“…To summarize briefly, first, PA is the major modifiable determinant of caloric consumption [ 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Second, when individuals reduce their PA, their consumption declines more slowly than their caloric expenditure [ 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. This leads to relative hyperphagia (overconsumption) and positive energy balance—with individuals consuming more calories than they expend.…”

“…There is a large body of observational and experimental research dating from the 1950s showing that although body mass and composition and concomitant basal energy expenditure are the major determinants of caloric consumption [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ], PA is the major modifiable determinant of consumption, expenditure, and storage [ 16 , 27 , 28 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 ]. Thus, because PA plays an essential role in all aspects of metabolism, we previously coined the term ‘Metabolic Tipping-point’ to denote the amount of PA necessary to prevent overconsumption and weight gain [ 1 , 12 ].…”