Impact of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Limits in Europe

Hill, Derek L. G.; McLeish, Kate; Keevil, Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.acra.2005.05.023

Cited by 36 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The directive however, does not apply to patients or volunteers undergoing the MRI examination. In contrast, the MRI community has expressed concerns that the realization of the EC PAD would have severe consequences for the use, development and maintenance of MRI in medical, research, and industrial settings (12).…”

Section: On the Ec Physical Agents Directivementioning

confidence: 97%

Minimizing the induced fields in MRI occupational workers by lowering the imager

Trakic¹,

Wang²,

F³

et al. 2008

Concepts Magn Reson

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In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), healthcare workers can be exposed to strong static and time-varying magnetic fields outside the imager. Body motion through the large, spatially nonuniform static magnetic field generated by the main magnet and exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields from pulsed gradient coils can lead to the stimulation of electric fields in the body. Tissue of the central and peripheral nervous system (CPNS) in the head and torso is particularly susceptible. To protect occupational workers, the member states of the European Union are required to incorporate the physical agents directive (PAD) 2004/40/EC into their legislation, which could restrict the use of MRI in some cases. This article reports a rather simple and general method/solution that can notably reduce the head/trunk exposure of MRI operators to both static and (low-frequency) time-dependant magnetic fields in MRI. It is numerically shown that the upper body CPNS exposure can be reduced by factors of up to 50 or more, when the MRI machine is simply lowered by 1 m in height relative to the ground floor. The proposed approach can lead to significantly reduced in situ electric fields/current in the upper body and thus allow faster worker motions around the lowered imager.

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Section: On the Ec Physical Agents Directivementioning

confidence: 97%

Minimizing the induced fields in MRI occupational workers by lowering the imager

Trakic¹,

Wang²,

F³

et al. 2008

Concepts Magn Reson

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“…Fuentes et al [4] calculated a peak environmental field of 768 mT/s in the range of 0-7 Hz. The action values of the EU directive would, in particular, affect healthcare workers in the vicinity of MR systems, so that access to, as well as exposure time in, the MR magnets' stray fields would need to be monitored and restricted [5][6][7]. After strong criticism by various organizations, the implementation of the EU directive into national law has been postponed until April 30th, 2012 [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MR safety: simultaneous B 0, dΦ/dt, and dB/dt measurements on MR-workers up to 7 T

Groebner

Umathum

Bock

et al. 2011

Magn Reson Mater Phy

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“…An example is the guideline proposed by the National Radiological Protection Board of the United Kingdom, that customarily takes the form of limits over a course of an 8-hour working day. In this guideline, a worker could be in a 0.2-T field for the entire working day, whereas in a field of 1.6 T exposure should be restricted to one hour (18,19). If only extremities are exposed to the field, a higher average field (2T/day) is permitted (20).…”

Section: Occupational Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Intraoperative and interventional MRI: Recommendations for a safe environment

Kettenbach

Kacher

Kanan

et al. 2006

Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies

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In this paper we report on current experience and review magnetic resonance safety protocols and literature in order to define practices surrounding MRI-guided interventional and surgical procedures. Direct experience, the American College of Radiology White paper on MR Safety, and various other sources are summarized. Additional recommendations for interventional and surgical MRI-guided procedures cover suite location/layout, accessibility, safety policy, personnel training, and MRI compatibility issues. Further information is freely available for sites to establish practices to minimize risk and ensure safety. Interventional and intraoperative MRI is emerging from its infancy, with twelve years since the advent of the field and well over 10,000 cases collectively performed. Thus, users of interventional and intraoperative MRI should adapt guidelines utilizing universal standards and terminology and establish a site-specific policy. With policy enforcement and proper training, the interventional and intraoperative MR imaging suite can be a safe and effective environment.

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Impact of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Limits in Europe

Cited by 36 publications

References 5 publications

Minimizing the induced fields in MRI occupational workers by lowering the imager

Minimizing the induced fields in MRI occupational workers by lowering the imager

MR safety: simultaneous B 0, dΦ/dt, and dB/dt measurements on MR-workers up to 7 T

Intraoperative and interventional MRI: Recommendations for a safe environment

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