Impact of early cART on HIV blood and semen compartments at the time of primary infection

Chéret, Antoine; Durier, Christine; Mélard, Adeline; Ploquin, Mickaël J.-Y.; Heitzmann, Julia; Lécuroux, Camille; Avettand-Fènoël, Véronique; David, Ludivine; Pialoux, Gilles; Chennebault, Jean‐Marie; Müller‐Trutwin, Michaela; Goujard, Cécile; Rouzioux, Christine; Meyer, Laurence

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180191

Cited by 25 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…HIV load in semen is usually lower than in blood, but patients with an exceptionally high semen viral load were reported (533,671,741). Factors associated with HIV shedding prevalence in semen are blood viral load (104,176,267,313,329), STIs (329,548), seminal CMV or EBV (226,227,229,394,482,523,628) and seminal cytokine levels (394,395,523,548); the two latter reflecting elevated inflammation, which enhances HIV replication.…”

Section: Prevalence and Pattern Of Virus Shedding In Semenmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract

Tortorec

Matusali

Mahé

et al. 2020

Physiological Reviews

103

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The male genital tract (MGT) is the target of a number of viral infections that can have deleterious consequences at the individual, offspring, and population levels. These consequences include infertility, cancers of male organs, transmission to the embryo/fetal development abnormalities, and sexual dissemination of major viral pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus. Lately, two emerging viruses, Zika and Ebola, have additionally revealed that the human MGT can constitute a reservoir for viruses cleared from peripheral circulation by the immune system, leading to their sexual transmission by cured men. This represents a concern for future epidemics and further underlines the need for a better understanding of the interplay between viruses and the MGT. We review here how viruses, from ancient viruses that integrated the germline during evolution through old viruses (e.g., papillomaviruses originating from Neanderthals) and more modern sexually transmitted infections (e.g., simian zoonotic HIV) to emerging viruses (e.g., Ebola and Zika) take advantage of genital tract colonization for horizontal dissemination, viral persistence, vertical transmission, and endogenization. The MGT immune responses to viruses and the impact of these infections are discussed. We summarize the latest data regarding the sources of viruses in semen and the complex role of this body fluid in sexual transmission. Finally, we introduce key animal findings that are relevant for our understanding of viral infection and persistence in the human MGT and suggest future research directions.

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Section: Prevalence and Pattern Of Virus Shedding In Semenmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract

Tortorec

Matusali

Mahé

et al. 2020

Physiological Reviews

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…25 The semen reservoir is established later and more gradually than the blood reservoir; however, the semen viral reservoir is reduced during early ART treatment, thereby reducing the high transmission risk during AHI. 26 The clinical impact of viral load reduction through ART and behavior change has been shown among 88 MSM with AHI in Thailand, where transmission over the first year following infection was estimated to be reduced by 89%. 27…”

Section: Reduction Of Latent Viral Reservoirmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Everyone (Almost) with HIV Needs to Be on Treatment

Farel

Dennis

2019

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America

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The introduction of potent combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the mid-1990s changed the landscape of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bringing marked improvements in morbidity and mortality. 1,2 The designation of these regimens as highly active antiretroviral therapy [HAART], represented a shift in how these medications were perceived. ART had evolved from pills that may slow the devastating progress of HIV to regimens that could more reliably and sustainably suppress viral replication and restore a person to health. The development of plasma HIV viral load assays allowed clinicians and people with HIV (PWH) to monitor this progress. In the present day, more than 20 years after the introduction of effective ART, the term ART is routinely used and reflects the current state of the science: all ART is highly active, potent, durable, and generally well tolerated (Fig. 1A).

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“…Thus, CXCR3/IP-10 may fuel peripheral and mucosal HIV-1 replication, and, therefore, chronic immune activation. In addition, replication-competent HI viruses were primarily found in CXCR3-expressing CD4+ T cells in the PB of HIV+ patients [19], and blood IP-10 levels correlate with the size of the viral reservoirs in the blood and semen [14,20]. CXCR3 and IP-10, which stimulate HIV target T cells to migrate to inflamed and peripheral tissues, are produced in high amounts in the small intestine [14] and stimulate HIV replication in vitro [15,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CXCR3 Expression Pattern on CD4+ T Cells and IP-10 Levels with Regard to the HIV-1 Reservoir in the Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

et al. 2022

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(1) Background: The gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT) represents the largest lymphoid organ, and is considered to be the largest HIV reservoir. The exact size of the GALT reservoir remains unclear. Several markers, such as the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its pro-inflammatory ligand IP-10, have been proposed to define the size of HIV reservoirs in the peripheral blood (PB). However, little is known about the role of CXCR3 and IP-10 within the GALT. (2) Methods: We compared the CXCR3 expression, IP-10 levels, and cell-associated HIV DNA of distinct memory CD4+T cell subsets from the terminal ileum (TI), PB and rectum (RE) of 18 HIV+ patients with antiretroviral therapy (ART), 6 HIV+ treatment-naive patients and 16 healthy controls. (3) Results: While the relative distributions of CD4+ T-cell subsets were similar in PB, TI and RE, HIV DNA and CXCR3 expression were markedly increased and IP-10 levels were decreased in TI when compared to PB. No significant correlation was found between the CXCR3 expression and memory CD4+ T-cell subsets, IP-10 levels and the HIV DNA amounts measured in PB , TI or RE. (4) Conclusions: During a chronic HIV-1 infection, neither CXCR3 nor IP-10 are indicative of the size of the viral reservoir in the GALT (TI and RE).

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Impact of early cART on HIV blood and semen compartments at the time of primary infection

Cited by 25 publications

References 41 publications

From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract

From Ancient to Emerging Infections: The Odyssey of Viruses in the Male Genital Tract

Why Everyone (Almost) with HIV Needs to Be on Treatment

CXCR3 Expression Pattern on CD4+ T Cells and IP-10 Levels with Regard to the HIV-1 Reservoir in the Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue

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