Impact of Domestic and Transboundary Conflicts on Militarization

Abstract

Security issues are the global concern nowadays, which triggers government spending on military equipment and supply chain. This paper analyzes the global perspective of cohesion indicators on Militarization by using 177 countries panel data from the Years 2011-2018 based on middle/lower and high-income groups. By applied OLS and Fixed Effect modelling, we explored the idea that Group Grievance and Population Growth Rate have a significant impact on Militarization in both income groups worldwide. However, middle/lower income group’s Militarization is more fragile than high-income groups due to state cohesion. It further analyses that Security Apparatus and Fractionalization Elite are significant in Middle/ lower-income countries and have an insignificant impact on Militarization in high-income countries. In the end, the study suggested that the United Nations must keenly observe the militarization trends of the less fragile states by considering global peace concerns and should play its role to resolve the bilateral conflicts in the region to maintain world peace environment.

Do institutional governance and state fragility affect institutional quality in Asian economies?

“…However, mere corruption is not responsible for institutions' deterioration [ 70 ] because other State-fragile factors such as demographic, legal, and business regulation also significantly affect institutional quality. These volatile indicators should consider taking corrective action in social, economic, security, and political context [ 44 ] for the well-being of the public [ 45 ] in developing and under-developed countries [ 7 , 8 , 71 ].…”

“…Some Fragile state indicators do not show clear pictures in combination, which need to be studied separately as External Intervention shows a significant impact on institutions' quality, which has already been evidenced by the studies [ 19 , 46 , 47 ]. In panel data study observed that the fragility index value has less robust results than an individual indicator as used in this study [ 44 , 45 , 71 ]. Voice & accountability also have significantly impacted institutional quality.…”

COVID‐19 pandemic control and administrative issues in Pakistan: How Pakistan mitigated both pandemic and administration issues?

“…However, it also examined that it can create a conflict of interest among policymakers that intimate the shredding of political powers (Martin & Vanberg, 2020 ). Moreover, this friction or conflicts of interest in bipartisan political ideologies leads to inefficiency in policymaking (Abbas, Gillani, et al, 2020 ; Abbas, Xu, et al, 2020 ; Chan & Fan, 2020 ).…”