Impact of different resistance training protocols on muscular oxidative stress parameters

Abstract

This study analyzes oxidative stress in skeletal muscle using different resisted training protocols. We hypothesize that different types of training produce different specifics. To test our hypothesis, we defined 3 resistance training protocols and investigated the respective biochemical responses in muscle. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were distributed in 4 groups: untrained (UT), muscular resistance training (RT), hypertrophy training (HT), and strength training (ST). After 12 weeks of training on alternate days, the red portion of the brachioradialis was removed and the following parameters were assessed: lactate and glycogen content, superoxide production, antioxidant enzyme content, and activities (superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; GPx, glutathione peroxidase). Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), carbonyl, and thiol groups were also measured. Results showed increased superoxide production (UT = 5.348 ± 0.889; RT = 5.117 ± 0,651; HT = 8.412 ± 0.431; ST = 6.354 ± 0.552), SOD (UT = 0.078 ± 0.0163; RT = 0.101 ± 0.013; HT = 0.533 ± 0.109; ST = 0.388 ± 0.058), GPx (UT = 0.290 ± 0.023; RT = 0.348 ± 0.014; HT = 0.529 ± 0.049; ST = 0.384 ± 0.038) activities, and content of GPx (HT = 3.8 times; ST = 3.0 times) compared with the UT group. CAT activity was lower (UT = 3.966 ± 0.670; RT = 3.474 ± 0.583; HT = 2.276 ± 0.302; ST = 2.028 ± 0.471) in HT and ST groups. Oxidative damage was observed in the HT group (TBARS = 0.082 ± 0.009; carbonyl = 0.73 ± 0.053; thiol = 12.78 ± 0.917) compared with the UT group. These findings indicate that HT causes an imbalance in oxidative parameters in favor of pro-oxidants, causing oxidative stress in skeletal muscle.

Morphological Adjustments of the Radial Nerve Are Intensity-Dependent

“…Ladder climbing (LC) training is an effective RT equipment that recruits many muscle motor units and has been shown to be one of the most used training apparatus, possibly recruiting hind limb and forelimb muscles [7][8][9][10] . Thus, only a few papers published have shown upper limb muscles adaptation to LC or other RT equipment for rodents 10 .…”

“…There is a consensus among authors that positive effects of RT are directly related to intensity, number of sets and rest interval 8 . In accordance, many methods of RT increases muscle strength, partly, due to higher nervous system activity 6,11 According to American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) guidelines, intensity above 60% of the maximum strength capacity must be enough to induce strength gains on health adults.…”

Vitamin C and E supplementation does not affect heat shock proteins or endogenous antioxidants in trained skeletal muscles during 12 weeks of strength training

“…Such systems include glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and superoxide dismutases (SOD), which both have the ability to reduce H 2 O 2 to a less harmful molecule. These enzymes has previously been shown to increase by both endurance and strength training [8][9][10]. Many athletes use antioxidant supplements [11] in the belief they could further protect against exercise induced stress and thus improve recovery.…”

The unfolded protein response is triggered following a single, unaccustomed resistance-exercise bout

“…RE could create an intracellular environment, favoring the UPR through altered calcium dynamics (11), increased oxidative stress (30), and elevated protein synthesis (9), which could provoke the UPR (7,23). In addition, RE increases expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1␣) (4,28), which is indicative of PGC-1␣ activity (13).…”