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Background and Aim: Working animals are important in agriculture because they play a role in various agricultural activities, including milk and meat production. Thus, they contribute to the development of rural communities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different load weights on the work performance and the physiological and hematological responses of working water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Materials and Methods: The work performances of 12 buffaloes (average weight 782.16 ± 21.62 kg) transporting 200, 350, and 500 kg of African palm fruits in metal baskets placed on their backs were evaluated. Work performance variables evaluated immediately after work were as follows: total number of trips (n), total weight (kg), distance traveled (km/day), working period (h), stopped time (h), and average speed (km/h). In addition, we evaluated physiological, biochemical, and hematological variables at three different times: before the start of work, immediately after work, and on the rest day. Results: Among the load weights, 500 kg (total load carried = 4,138.88 kg) improved work efficiency compared to 200 kg loads (total load = 3,322.22 kg) (p = 0.0281). However, 500 kg loads resulted in slower average speed (2.4 km, p = 0.0164), shorter working period (2.39 h, p < 0.0001) and distance traveled (7.29 km, p < 0.0001), and less total number of trips (8.27 trips, p < 0.0001) compared to 350 and 200 kg load weights (3.45 and 3.52 km/h, 2.55 and 2.79 h, 8.71 and 9.75 km, 10.94 and 16.61 trips, respectively); and the heaviest loads resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.005) respiratory rate, pulse, heart rate, rectal temperature, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, total protein, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. In contrast, was associated with lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared to lower loads. All differences were more pronounced in 500 kg (p < 0.005) compared to 200 kg loads. Conclusion: Working buffaloes responded to work related to the transport of African palm fruits through various physiological, biochemical, and hematological changes. However, some variables remained close to the reference values reported in the literature for water buffaloes, and in general, all variables were reestablished during the rest day, indicating that these animals have adapted to working conditions. Keywords: biochemical responses, draught buffalo, hematological responses, physiological responses.
Background and Aim: Working animals are important in agriculture because they play a role in various agricultural activities, including milk and meat production. Thus, they contribute to the development of rural communities. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of different load weights on the work performance and the physiological and hematological responses of working water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Materials and Methods: The work performances of 12 buffaloes (average weight 782.16 ± 21.62 kg) transporting 200, 350, and 500 kg of African palm fruits in metal baskets placed on their backs were evaluated. Work performance variables evaluated immediately after work were as follows: total number of trips (n), total weight (kg), distance traveled (km/day), working period (h), stopped time (h), and average speed (km/h). In addition, we evaluated physiological, biochemical, and hematological variables at three different times: before the start of work, immediately after work, and on the rest day. Results: Among the load weights, 500 kg (total load carried = 4,138.88 kg) improved work efficiency compared to 200 kg loads (total load = 3,322.22 kg) (p = 0.0281). However, 500 kg loads resulted in slower average speed (2.4 km, p = 0.0164), shorter working period (2.39 h, p < 0.0001) and distance traveled (7.29 km, p < 0.0001), and less total number of trips (8.27 trips, p < 0.0001) compared to 350 and 200 kg load weights (3.45 and 3.52 km/h, 2.55 and 2.79 h, 8.71 and 9.75 km, 10.94 and 16.61 trips, respectively); and the heaviest loads resulted in significantly higher (p < 0.005) respiratory rate, pulse, heart rate, rectal temperature, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, total protein, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. In contrast, was associated with lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit compared to lower loads. All differences were more pronounced in 500 kg (p < 0.005) compared to 200 kg loads. Conclusion: Working buffaloes responded to work related to the transport of African palm fruits through various physiological, biochemical, and hematological changes. However, some variables remained close to the reference values reported in the literature for water buffaloes, and in general, all variables were reestablished during the rest day, indicating that these animals have adapted to working conditions. Keywords: biochemical responses, draught buffalo, hematological responses, physiological responses.
The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of feeding different levels of energy and protein supplementation along with groundnut haulms (Arachis hypogaea L.) on nutrient utilization in dromedary camels. Three concentrates mixtures were formulated, viz. high protein and low energy (T1); high energy and low protein (T2); and medium protein and energy (T3). The digestibility coefficients for dry matter and organic matter were higher in T3 as compared to T2 and T1 but there was nonsignificant difference between T1 and T2 on one hand, and between T1 and T2 on the other hand. There was nonsignificant difference between the groups for NDF, ADF and hemicellulose digestibility. The digestible crude protein (DCP) content was significantly higher in T1 followed by T3 and T2 but there was reverse trend for total digestible nutrient (TDN) content. The nitrogen balance was significantly lower in group fed on high energy and low protein content through the concentrate mixture. The results of the study concluded that the nutrient utilization was higher in T3 treatment as compared to either high protein or high energy supplementation.
Eight lactating camels in intensive dairy farm were sampled for the determination of some lipid components of milk and serum. The gross composition of camel milk samples was close that was shown in literature. The main milk fatty acids (FA) were represented by long chain FA. The proportion of polyunsaturated FA was 3.4%, of monounsaturated 30.3% and of saturated was 66.4% with a ratio saturated/unsaturated FA of 1.97:1. The total cholesterol was on average 118.5 ± 13.0 mg/L, while vitamin A was 419.9 ± 80.9 IU/L, vitamin E 20.2 ± 1.05 µg/100mL and vitamin C, 26.1 ± 3.5 mg/L. Vitamin D3 was below the detection limit. In serum, four FA were mostly present: C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9 and C18:2 n-6 representing 89.1% of the whole FA. Total cholesterol was on average 130.0 ± 18.7 mg/L. According to global FA status, saturated FAs were 59.1%, monounsaturated 16.2% and polyunsaturated 24.1% with a ratio saturated/unsaturated of 1.5 only. There was no significant correlation between cholesterol content in milk and in blood samples, also between the main FA in milk and blood. Under indoor system, the camel receiving intensive diet did not change significantly the main composition of its milk and serum except low level in vitamins.
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