Impact of Diet on the Intestinal Microbiota in 10‐month‐old Infants

Nielsen, Susanne; Nielsen, Dennis Sandris; Lauritzen, Lotte; Jakobsen, Mogens; Michaelsen, Kim F.

doi:10.1097/mpg.0b013e3180406a11

Cited by 50 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…This could be due to the differences in its content, or the use of hypoallergenic and dairy-free varieties. Infant consumption of cow’s milk also supports a different microbiome composition [39], which could promote pathogen colonization leading to COME.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

et al. 2017

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BackgroundChronic otitis media with effusion (COME) is a prevalent upper airway infection resulting in hearing loss. The aim of this research was to determine risk factors for COME in preschool children.MethodsA case–control design was conducted in Auckland, New Zealand from May 2011 until November 2013. The cases were children aged 3 and 4 years referred for tympanostomy tube placement due to a diagnosis of COME (n = 178). The controls were a random sample of healthy children aged 3 and 4 years from primary care practices (n = 209). The children’s guardians completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire that covered topics including socio-demographic information, pregnancy and birth, infant feeding practices, home environment, and respiratory health. In addition, skin prick tests for atopy were performed. Odds ratios (OR) estimating the risk of COME independently associated with the exposures were calculated using a logistic regression model.ResultsChildren with COME frequently had nasal obstruction (OR: 4.38 [95% CI: 2.37–8.28]), always snored (OR: 3.64 [95% CI: 1.51–9.15]) or often snored (OR: 2.45 [95% CI: 1.04–5.96]), spent more hours per week in daycare (OR per hour/week: 1.03 [95% CI: 1.00–1.05]), had frequent colds (OR: 2.67 [95% CI: 1.59–4.53]), had siblings who had undergone tympanostomy tube placement (OR: 2.68 [95% CI: 1.22–6.02]), underwent long labour (OR: 2.59 [95% CI: 1.03–6.79]), and had early introduction of cow’s milk (OR: 1.76 [95% CI: 1.05–2.97]). Asian ethnicity (OR: 0.20 [95% CI: 0.07–0.53]) and having older siblings (OR: 0.54 [95% CI: 0.31–0.93]) were inversely associated with COME.ConclusionCOME in preschool children was associated with pathogen exposure, respiratory infection, and nasal obstruction. Strategies to prevent pathogen transmission warrant investigation. The novel findings of long labour and early cow’s milk introduction require replication in future studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

et al. 2017

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“…One reason for this may be that poor nutrition impairs the development of a normal gut flora [127]. Infant milk source and supplementation are known to affect the composition of the microbiota [128]. In formula-fed infants, a complex intestinal microbiota develops with more coliforms, enterococci, bacteroides, and clostridia than in breast-fed infants.…”

Section: Growth Abnormalities In Children With Hiv-1 Infection Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Microbial Host Defense, Growth, and Immune Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection

et al. 2011

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The hypothesis that probiotic administration protects the gut surface and could delay progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type1 (HIV-1) infection to the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) was proposed in 1995. Over the last five years, new studies have clarified the significance of HIV-1 infection of the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) for subsequent alterations in the microflora and breakdown of the gut mucosal barrier leading to pathogenesis and development of AIDS. Current studies show that loss of gut CD4+ Th17 cells, which differentiate in response to normal microflora, occurs early in HIV-1 disease. Microbial translocation and suppression of the T regulatory (Treg) cell response is associated with chronic immune activation and inflammation. Combinations of probiotic bacteria which upregulate Treg activation have shown promise in suppressing pro inflammatory immune response in models of autoimmunity including inflammatory bowel disease and provide a rationale for use of probiotics in HIV-1/AIDS. Disturbance of the microbiota early in HIV-1 infection leads to greater dominance of potential pathogens, reducing levels of bifidobacteria and lactobacillus species and increasing mucosal inflammation. The interaction of chronic or recurrent infections, and immune activation contributes to nutritional deficiencies that have lasting consequences especially in the HIV-1 infected child. While effective anti-retroviral therapy (ART) has enhanced survival, wasting is still an independent predictor of survival and a major presenting symptom. Congenital exposure to HIV-1 is a risk factor for growth delay in both infected and non-infected infants. Nutritional intervention after 6 months of age appears to be largely ineffective. A meta analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials of infant formulae supplemented with Bifidobacterium lactis showed that weight gain was significantly greater in infants who received B. lactis compared to formula alone. Pilot studies have shown that probiotic bacteria given as a supplement have improved growth and protected against loss of CD4+ T cells. The recognition that normal bacterial flora prime neonatal immune response and that abnormal flora have a profound impact on metabolism has generated insight into potential mechanisms of gut dysfunction in many settings including HIV-1 infection. As discussed here, current and emerging studies support the concept that probiotic bacteria can provide specific benefit in HIV-1 infection. Probiotic bacteria have proven active against bacterial vaginosis in HIV-1 positive women and have enhanced growth in infants with congenital HIV-1 infection. Probiotic bacteria may stabilize CD4+ T cell numbers in HIV-1 infected children and are likely to have protective effects against inflammation and chronic immune activation of the gastrointestinal immune system.

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“…Additional factors such as low birth-weight, and the gut microbiome, influence the degree of microbial translocation (48, 49). Factors increasing the levels of immune activation in infants include the use of chronic broad-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis (48), in addition to other alterations in the diet (50). The maternal influence on immune activation in the child is indicated by the finding that, compared to unexposed uninfected infants, HIV-exposed uninfected neonates show lower CD4+ counts and enhanced levels of immune activation (51).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune activation and paediatric HIV-1 disease outcome

Roider

Muenchhoff

Goulder

2016

Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS

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Purpose of review The paediatric HIV epidemic is changing. Over the past decade, new infections have substantially reduced whilst access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased. Overall this success means that numbers of children living with HIV are climbing. In addition, the problems in adults of chronic inflammation resulting from persistent immune activation even following ART-mediated suppression of viral replication are magnified in children infected from birth. Recent findings Features of immune ontogeny favor low immune activation in early life, whilst specific aspects of paediatric HIV infection tend to increase it. A subset of ART-naïve non-progressing children exists in whom normal CD4 counts are maintained in the setting of persistent high viremia and yet in the context of low immune activation. This sooty mangabey-like phenotype contrasts with non-progressing adult infection characterized by the expression of protective HLA class I molecules and low viral load. The particular factors contributing to raised or lowered immune activation in paediatric infection, and that ultimately influence disease outcome, are discussed. Summary Novel strategies to circumvent the unwanted long-term consequences of HIV infection may be possible in children in whom natural immune ontogeny in early life militates against immune activation. Defining the mechanisms underlying low immune activation in natural HIV infection would have applications beyond paediatric HIV.

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Impact of Diet on the Intestinal Microbiota in 10‐month‐old Infants

Cited by 50 publications

References 36 publications

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

Determinants of chronic otitis media with effusion in preschool children: a case–control study

Effect of Probiotic Bacteria on Microbial Host Defense, Growth, and Immune Function in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection

Immune activation and paediatric HIV-1 disease outcome

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